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Cathode Materials for Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries

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Cathode Materials for Advanced Sodium-Ion Batteries ( cathode-materials-advanced-sodium-ion-batteries )

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Energies 2020, 13, 5729 Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 12 ◦ ◦ 2+ 4+ 2+ 4+ viewat22θbbeettweeen1199°––222°..((b))SScchheemaattiiccddiaiaggrraamooffththeecrcyrsytsatlasltsrutrcutcutruer.e(.c()cM) Mgg/M/Mnn cationic honeycomb ordering in the TM layers, viewed along the z directions. honeycomb ordering in the TM layers, viewed along the z directions. honeycomb ordering in the TM layers, viewed along the z directions. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of as-synthesized NaMMO, displayed in Figure The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of as-synthesized NaMMO, displayed in 4 of 12 4 of 12 Figure 1. (a) XRD patterns and Rietveld refinement curves of NaMMO. The insert shows the enlarged Figure 1. (a) XRD patterns and Rietveld reffiinement curves of NaMMO. The insert shows the enlarged view at 2θ between 19°–22°. (b) Schematic diagram of the crystal structure. (c) Mg2+/Mn4+ cationic The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of as-synthesized NaMMO, displayed in Figure 2a,b, exhibit a plate-like layered structure with a lateral size of ~1 μm. The high-resolution Figure 2a,b, exhibit a plate-like layered structure with a lateral size of ~1 μm. The high-resolution 2a,b, exhibit a plate-like layered structure with a lateral size of ~1 μm. The high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) image depicted in Figure 2c shows the distinct lattice transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) image depicted in Figure 2c shows the distinct lattice fringes, transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) image depicted in Figure 2c shows the distinct lattice fringes, suggesting the high crystallinity of NaMMO. In addition, the interplanar spacing is 4.75 Å, suggesting the high crystallinity of NaMMO. In addition, the interplanar spacing is 4.75 Å, which fringes, suggesting the high crystallinity of NaMMO. In addition, the interplanar spacing is 4.75 Å, which corresponds to the (200) plane. This is consistent with the Rietveld refinement results discussed corresponds to the (200) plane. This is consistent with the Rietveld refinement results discussed above, which corresponds to the (200) plane. This is consistent with the Rietveld refinement results discussed above, further confirming the highly crystalline P2-type structure of NaMMO. Furthermore, the further confirming the highly crystalline P2-type structure of NaMMO. Furthermore, the uniform above, further confirming the highly crystalline P2-type structure of NaMMO. Furthermore, the uniform distribution of Na, Mg, Mn and O elements in the particles is evidenced by the distribution of Na, Mg, Mn and O elements in the particles is evidenced by the corresponding uniform distribution of Na, Mg, Mn and O elements in the particles is evidenced by the corresponding energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), as shown in Figure 2d–h. Overall, these results energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), as shown in Figure 2d–h. Overall, these results unambiguously corresponding energy-dispersive spectrometry (EDS), as shown in Figure 2d–h. Overall, these results unambiguously confirm the successful synthesis of P2-type NaMMO with high crystallinity. confirm the successful synthesis of P2-type NaMMO with high crystallinity. unambiguously confirm the successful synthesis of P2-type NaMMO with high crystallinity. Figure 2. (a,b) SEM images of NaMMO particles. (c) HRTEM images at the (200) zone axis. (d–h) Figure 2. (a,b) SEM images of NaMMO particles. (c) HRTEM images at the (200) zone axis. (d–h) EDS Figure 2. (a,b) SEM images of NaMMO particles. (c) HRTEM images at the (200) zone axis. (d–h) EDS mappings. mappings. The electrochemical performance of the NaMMO electrode was systematically investigated using EDS mappings. The electrochemical performance of the NaMMO electrode was systematically investigated Na half cells with 1.0 M NaPF6 in propylene carbonate (PC) with fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC, 5% in The electrochemical performance of the NaMMO electrode was systematically investigated using Na half cells with 1.0 M NaPF6 in propylene carbonate (PC) with fluoroethylene carbonate using Na half cells with 1.0 M NaPF6 in propylene carbonate (PC) with fluoroethylene carbonate

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