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Figure 1. The schematic roadmap of sodium-ion batteries over years, highlighting the discovery of key materials and the relevant prototypes. Elements applied in cathode materials for NIBs The research on NIBs has been on the rise since 2010, mainly due to their high-power density and cost-effectiveness. Even though there have been several studies on cathode materials 16,106–108 with different structures and elemental compositions, no benchmark NIB cathode is considered in the battery com- munity. Designing new cathode materials with high energy density, sustainability, and long cycle-life is crucial for NIBs to compete with current LIBs. Habib et al. reported109 a study on the resource assessment for passenger EVs based on the baseline, moderate, and stringent scenarios. They estimated an increase to a total number of 2.25–2.6 billion passenger vehicles in 2050 compared to 1.13 billion in 2011 and EVs will take over from 24 up to 73% of these passenger vehicles. The authors also pointed out that the use of critical elements in batteries might be the pos- sible limiting factor, impeding the transition to EVs in the near future.110 In this context, a sustainable design of cathode materi- als is crucial as all cathodes contain transition metal ions111–113 and many of which are considered as “critical” due to natural or geopolitical constraints. The main transition metals used in sodium cathode materi- als are manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Aluminum (Al), Titanium (Ti), Nickel (Ni), Vanadium (V), and Cobalt (Co). The metals are 4 MRS ENERGY & SUSTAINABILITY // VOLUME XX // www.mrs.org/energy-sustainability-journalPDF Image | cathode materials for sustainable sodium‐ion batteries
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