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It is important to note that to reach a sustainable design for NIBs, one needs to hold a full picture of all battery components including anode and electrolyte. As such, while the current work provides a practical framework to screen and design of the cath- ode structures, it is crucial to develop similar datasets with a focus on the anode and on the electrolyte. Data reporting standard for NIBs In the literature, P2- and O3-layered oxides have generally shown comparable energy densities and capacity retention, how- ever, it is noteworthy that P2 materials have often been tested under more rigorous conditions compared with O3 (higher applied current densities, longer cycle numbers, and deep dis- charge). On the other hand, PBAs and polyanions have shown noticeably longer cyclability than layered oxides. Unfortunately, due to large variations in these testing conditions, it is difficult to accurately evaluate the overall performance across all materials. As outlined in this manuscript, the sustainable design of the cathode materials is crucial for feasibility studies of next generation of sodium ion batteries. Our in-depth review dem- onstrated that there several topics that are not well explored in current NIB studies such as, (i) cathode degradation mecha- nism, (ii) cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) design, and (iii) SEI engineering. Despite their vital importance, there has been very limited studies on these topics that requires more in-deep fundamental investigations using advanced characterization techniques. Future studies on these can provide a better outlook on the next generation NIBs. Commercialization and manufacturing of batteries are mostly not considered at laboratory-level research. Investigations at cell-level are necessary for the materials level evaluations, how- ever, scale-up needs investigation for optimal parameters and conditions at large-scale formats.194 Academia with laboratory- scale studies needs to be linked to the industry with large-scale applications. This approach saves the extra costs in research and facilities and helps to facilitate the path towards manufacturing. The statistical summary of reported data from 295 sodium- ion half-cells published in the literature is shown in Fig. 5. The data shows that only about 37% of the studies reported the cath- ode loading (data varies between less than 1 mg/cm2 (0.8 mg/ Figure 5. Statistical summary of reported data from 295 sodium-ion half-cells reported in the literature. 10 MRS ENERGY & SUSTAINABILITY // VOLUME XX // www.mrs.org/energy-sustainability-journalPDF Image | cathode materials for sustainable sodium‐ion batteries
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