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Energies 2020, 13, 6216 17 of 19 a disordered structure of CGDHC hard carbon. It was shown that the binder makes an important contribution to the electrochemical performance for LIBs and NIBs. Changing over from commercial PVDF binder to aqueous binders is becoming increasingly important in the production of greener batteries. According to the electrochemical results, although the hard carbon electrode with CMC binder showed highest reversible discharge capacity of 421.86 mAh g−1, the PAA-based electrode exhibited better capacity retention than those with other binders. The CGDHC based on water soluble binders not only showed excellent capacity and cycling performance of the Li-ion battery, but also could decrease environmental impact and cost, and is easier to use for the electrode preparation process. This also holds true for NIBs, which are in their early stage of improvement in the research; the electrode utilizing alginate presented a much enhanced performance with a capacity of 173.51 mAh g−1, and an excellent cycling performance of 98% after 100 cycles. This work is beneficial and provides a way to the synthesis and the utilization of low cost, greener, and sustainable electrode materials (hard carbons derived from a wide range of food wastes together with the utilization of bioderived, aqueous binders), assessing the feasibility of application in both LIBs and NIBs with state-of-the-art performance. Supplementary Materials: Supplementary Materials can be found at http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/23/ 6216/s1. Author Contributions: Conceptualization: H.D. and F.N.; methodology: H.D.; experimental activity: H.D., L.S., L.B., R.T., A.S.; data analysis: H.D. and F.N.; writing—original draft preparation, H.D.; writing—review and editing, H.D. and F.N.; supervision, F.N. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Acknowledgments: This research was funded by ENEA (Agenzia Nazionale per le Nuove Tecnologie, l’Energia e lo Sviluppo Sostenibile) and MiSE (Ministero per lo Sviluppo Economico). Project: ”Sistemi di Accumulo di Energia per il Sistema Elettrico” in the framework of PTR Program of ENEA/MiSE. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Zhao, C.; Huang, Y.; Zhao, C.; Shao, X.; Zhu, Z. Rose-derived 3D carbon nanosheets for high cyclability and extended voltage supercapacitors. Electrochim. Acta 2018, 291, 287–296. [CrossRef] 2. Xiang, J.; Lv, W.; Mu, C.; Zhao, J.; Wang, B. Activated hard carbon from orange peel for lithium/sodium ion battery anode with long cycle life. J. Alloys Compd. 2017, 701, 870–874. [CrossRef] 3. Darjazi, H.; Hosseiny Davarani, S.S.; Moazami, H.R.; Yousefi, T.; Tabatabaei, F. Evaluation of charge storage ability of chrome doped Mn2O3 nanostructures derived by cathodic electrodeposition. Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int. 2016, 26, 523–527. [CrossRef] 4. Notohara, H.; Urita, K.; Moriguchi, I. Tin Oxide Electrodes in Li and Na-Ion Batteries; Elsevier Inc.: Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2020; ISBN 9780128159248. 5. Nitta, N.; Wu, F.; Lee, J.T.; Yushin, G. Li-ion battery materials: Present and future. Mater. Today 2015, 18, 252–264. [CrossRef] 6. Eilers-Rethwisch, M.; Hildebrand, S.; Evertz, M.; Ibing, L.; Dagger, T.; Winter, M.; Schappacher, F.M. Comparative study of Sn-doped Li[Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2-xSnx]O2 cathode active materials (x = 0–0.5) for lithium ion batteries regarding electrochemical performance and structural stability. J. Power Sources 2018, 397, 68–78. [CrossRef] 7. Hou, H.; Shao, L.; Zhang, Y.; Zou, G.; Chen, J.; Ji, X. Large-Area Carbon Nanosheets Doped with Phosphorus: A High-Performance Anode Material for Sodium-Ion Batteries. Adv. Sci. 2017, 4. [CrossRef] 8. Wang, N.; Liu, Q.; Sun, B.; Gu, J.; Yu, B.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, D. N-doped catalytic graphitized hard carbon for high-performance lithium/sodium-ion batteries. Sci. Rep. 2018, 8, 1–8. [CrossRef] 9. Zhao, Q.; Lu, Y.; Chen, J. Advanced Organic Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Sodium-Ion Batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 2017, 7. [CrossRef] 10. Kang, H.; Liu, Y.; Cao, K.; Zhao, Y.; Jiao, L.; Wang, Y.; Yuan, H. Update on anode materials for Na-ion batteries. J. Mater. Chem. A 2015, 3, 17899–17913. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Coffee Ground Sustainable Anodes Sodium-Ion Batteries
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