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Energies 2020, 13, 6216 16 of 19 Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 20 Figure 12. Nyquist plot of CGDHC-based NIB electrodes prepared with different binders: (a) Na- Figure 12. Nyquist plot of CGDHC-based NIB electrodes prepared with different binders: carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); (b) alginate (Alg); (c) polyacrylic acid (PAA); (d) poly(vinylidene (a) Na-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC); (b) alginate (Alg); (c) polyacrylic acid (PAA); (d) poly(vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF). E = 0.5 V; 10 mHz < f < 100 kHz. The performances obtained, which are summarized in Tables 2 and 3, are comparable to those difluoride) (PVDF). E = 0.5 V; 10 mHz < f < 100 kHz. reported in literature for several types of hard carbon electrode materials (Table S2). This Table 2. Values of initial irreversible discharge capacity, initial reversible discharge capacity, capacity demonstrates the feasibility of a hard carbon material obtained by a coffee ground precursor as a low retention, and coulombic efficiency of CGDHC-based LIB electrodes. Cycling rate C/5. cost and environmentally friendly, active material for advanced negative electrodes for both LIBs and NIBs. Table 2. Values of initial irreversible discharge capacity, initial reversible discharge capacity, capacity Samples First First Second Capacity Discharge Charge Coulombic Discharge Retention Capacity Capacity Efficiency Capacity retention, and coulombic efficiency of CGDHC-based LIB electrodes. Cycling rate C/5. after 100 Cycles Samples Capacity Capacity Coulombic Discharge Retention after CGDHC-Alg CGDHC-PAA 616.0 346.3 56% 360.2 72.8% (mAh g−1) First Discharge (mAh g−1) First Charge (mAh g−1) Second Capacity CGDHC-CMC CGDHC-Alg 616.0 346.3 CGDHC-PAA 581.3 330.7 732.4 399.1 54% 421.8 70.0% (mAh g−1) (mAh g−1) Efficiency Capacity 100 Cycles CGDHC-PVDF 582.6 326.5 350.1 CGDHC-CMC 732.4 399.1 54% 421.8 70.0% 581.3 330.7 57% 56% 35−10.3 (mAhg ) 76.3% 73.7% Table 3. Values of initial irreversible discharge capacity, initial reversible discharge capacity, capacity CGDHC-PVDF 582.6 326.5 56% 350.1 73.7% retention, and coulombic efficiency of CGDHC-based NIB electrodes. Cycling rate C/5. Samples CGDHC-CMC CGDHC-Alg CGDHC-PAA CGDHC-PVDF 4. Conclusions First Discharge Capacity (mAh g−1) 335.5 250.4 263.3 221.3 First Charge Coulombic Capacity Efficiency (mAh g−1) 113.0 34% 163.2 65% 151.0 57% 105.5 47% Second Discharge Capacity (mAh g−1) 152.6 173.5 164.8 115.9 Capacity Retention after 100 Cycles 77.7% 98.0% 83.7% 76.3% 56% 360.2 72.8% 57% 350.3 76.3% We have shown the synthesis of hard carbon material from a widely available food waste, with a focus on understanding the impact of binders on the behavior of electrodes based on hard carbon derived from coffee grounds. The crystallographic parameters indicate a certain degree of graphitization besidesPDF Image | Coffee Ground Sustainable Anodes Sodium-Ion Batteries
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