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Energies 2020, 13, 6216 15 of 19 CGDHC-PAA, CGDHC-CMC, CGDHC-PVDF electrodes are instead poorer, resulting in 138.05, 118.65, and 88.44 mAh g−1, corresponding to a capacity retention of 83.7%, 77.7%, and 76.3%, respectively, after 100 cycles. Nevertheless, the electrode prepared with PAA shows a higher discharge capacity and a better cyclability in comparison to those made with CMC or PVDF, which can be ascribed to the suitable swelling property, a more uniformly and thin passivation film upon sodiation that results in a more stable SEI film, a better electrical contact between the particles and Al current collector, and a Ebneetrtgeiers i2o0n20ic, 1c3o, xnFdOuRctPiEvEitRyRoEnVItEhWe surface of active materials [30]. 15 of 20 Figure 11. Cycle performance of CGDHC-based NIB electrodes with different binders. Cycling rate C/5. Figure 11. Cycle performance of CGDHC-based NIB electrodes with different binders. Cycling rate C/5. In contrast, the inferior electrochemical properties of CGDHC-PVDF in NIBs can be related to the formation of NaF due to the formation of thick films and of the binder di-fluorination [47]. In contrast, the inferior electrochemical properties of CGDHC-PVDF in NIBs can be related to In order to validate the effect of the interfacial properties toward the electrochemical behavior, the formation of NaF due to the formation of thick films and of the binder di-fluorination [47]. electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was carried out for each tenth cycle at E = 0.5 V for NIBs In order to validate the effect of the interfacial properties toward the electrochemical behavior, as well. The Nyquist plots are shown in Figure 12a–d. During the first cycle, the ac-impedance diagrams electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was carried out for each tenth cycle at E = 0.5 V for show a different behavior with respect to following cycles, because of electrode activation. The data NIBs as well. The Nyquist plots are shown in Figure 12a–d. During the first cycle, the ac-impedance were modeled by using the same equivalent circuit proposed for LIBs. According to the fit results diagrams show a different behavior with respect to following cycles, because of electrode activation. (shown in Figure S5), the Alg-based electrode exhibited lower and almost constant charge transfer The data were modeled by using the same equivalent circuit proposed for LIBs. According to the fit resistance values upon cycling, confirming its interfacial behavior stability. In contrast, the PVDF-based results (shown in Figure S5), the Alg-based electrode exhibited lower and almost constant charge electrode demonstrates a much higher Rct, which causes worse cycling behavior with respect to other transfer resistance values upon cycling, confirming its interfacial behavior stability. In contrast, the electrodes. This can be related to the cracks formed on the electrode, as revealed by SEM. PVDF-based electrode demonstrates a much higher Rct, which causes worse cycling behavior with The performances obtained, which are summarized in Tables 2 and 3, are comparable to those respect to other electrodes. This can be related to the cracks formed on the electrode, as revealed by reported in literature for several types of hard carbon electrode materials (Table S2). This demonstrates SEM. the feasibility of a hard carbon material obtained by a coffee ground precursor as a low cost and environmentally friendly, active material for advanced negative electrodes for both LIBs and NIBs.PDF Image | Coffee Ground Sustainable Anodes Sodium-Ion Batteries
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