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Energies 2020, 13, 6216 14 of 19 Figure 10 shows the galvanostatic charge/discharge E vs. Q profiles of all electrodes during the first and second cycles. The CGDHC-Alg, CGDHC-PAA, CGDHC-CMC, and CGDHC-PVDF at C/5 in the voltage range between 0.02 and 2.2 V for NIBs in initial cycle deliver discharge capacity (including reversible and irreversible processes) of 250.44, 263.38, 335.52, and 221.33 mAh g−1, respectively. During the second cycle, the CGDHC-Alg, CGDHC-PAA, CGDHC-CMC, and CGDHC-PVDF exhibit reversible discharge capacity of 173.51, 164.84, 152.62, and 115.97 mAh g−1, respectively. Energies 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 14 of 20 FFigiguurere1100..Evs. Q galvanostattiicpprroofiflieles,s,acaqcuquirierdedudruinrigntghethfiersftirasntdansedcosnecdocnydclceys,colefsC, GofDCHGCD-bHasCe-d bNasIeBdeNlecIBtroedlecstrpordeepsarperdepwairtehddwiffiethrendtifbfeinrednetrsb:in(ad)eNrsa:-(ca)rbNoax-ycmarebtohxyylmceltlhuylol scee(llCuMloCse);((CbM) aClg);in(bat)e a(lAgilnga);te(c()Aplogl)y;a(c)ryploiclyaaccirdy(lPicAaAci)d;((dP)ApAol)y;(vdi)npyolildye(vniendyliifldueonreidei)fl(uPoVriDdFe).(CPyVcDliFn)g.CrayteclCin/g5.rateC/5. Therefore, the coulombic efficiency of CGDHC-Alg and CGDHC-PAA electrodes is higher than Therefore, the coulombic efficiency of CGDHC-Alg and CGDHC-PAA electrodes is higher than those of CGDHC-CMC and CGDHC-PVDF. The irreversible capacity loss in NIBs is due to the formation those of CGDHC-CMC and CGDHC-PVDF. The irreversible capacity loss in NIBs is due to the of SEI film, which results in the decomposition of the electrolyte, and irreversible reactions include formation of SEI film, which results in the decomposition of the electrolyte, and irreversible reactions the reaction between Na and surface functional groups and the sodium insertion into special defect include the reaction between Na and surface functional groups and the sodium insertion into special positions [30]. defect positions [30]. As shown in Figure 11, among the four electrodes prepared with different binders, the CGDHC-Alg As shown in Figure 11, among the four electrodes prepared with different binders, the CGDHC- demonstrates promising performances in NIBs, with a reversible discharge capacity of 173.51 mAh g−1 Alg demonstrates promising performances in NIBs, with a reversible discharge capacity of 173.51 at C/5 b−1etween 0.02 and 2.20 V, and an excellent capacity retention of 98% after 100 cycles. This behavior mAh g at C/5 between 0.02 and 2.20 V, and an excellent capacity retention of 98% after 100 cycles. can be related to the retained structural and morphological integrity of active material and interface This behavior can be related to the retained structural and morphological integrity of active material upon sodiation and desodiation [44], because of the strong binding between active materials and interface upon sodiation and desodiation [44], because of the strong binding between active and the alginate binder, and the weak but effective hydrogen-bonding between –OH groups of materials and the alginate binder, and the weak but effective hydrogen-bonding between –OH active material and –COOH groups of the alginate binder [44]. A contribution to the better groups of active material and –COOH groups of the alginate binder [44]. A contribution to the better electrochemical performance of Alg-CGDHC electrode can also be related to the more homogenous electrochemical performance of Alg-CGDHC electrode can also be related to the more homogenous morphology, as shown in SEM images. The discharge capacity and capacity retention at 0.2C for morphology, as shown in SEM images. The discharge capacity and capacity retention at 0.2C for CGDHC-PAA, CGDHC-CMC, CGDHC-PVDF electrodes are instead poorer, resulting in 138.05, 118.65, and 88.44 mAh g−1, corresponding to a capacity retention of 83.7%, 77.7%, and 76.3%, respectively, after 100 cycles. Nevertheless, the electrode prepared with PAA shows a higher discharge capacity and a better cyclability in comparison to those made with CMC or PVDF, which can be ascribed to the suitable swelling property, a more uniformly and thin passivation film uponPDF Image | Coffee Ground Sustainable Anodes Sodium-Ion Batteries
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