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Materials 2020, 13, x FOR PEER REVIEW 22 of 53 Materials 2020, 13, 3453 23 of 58 hybrid hollow spheres of carbon confined Co3O4 nanoparticles synthesized by a facile one-pot hydrothermal treatment delivered a capacity of 712 mA h g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1, and 223 structur−1ed nanos−1pheres were synthesized via sol-gel coating routes and confinement calcination mA h g at 5 A g . It also demonstrated 74.5% capacity retention after 500 cycles [280]. In an attempt strategy (Figure 10) [259]. As an anode, this composite delivered an outstanding capacity of capacity to increase the cycle life Co3O4/metal oxide heterostructures were synthesized. An example is the of 522 mA·h·g−1 after 800 cycles at 160 mA·g−1.The results obtained with Fe O -reduced graphene graphene/SnO2/Co3O4 (GSC) heterojunction [281]. Consequently, this graph2en3e oxide/SnO2/Co3O4 oxide(RGO)arelessimpressive,buthavebeenobt−a1inedwithamorescalablesynthesisprocess−(1a anode achieved a reversible capacity of 461 mA h g after 80 cycles at a current density of 0.1 A g . facile microwave-assisted reductio−1n of graphene oxide in Fe O precursor) −[1260]. The composite At a high current density of 1 A g , a high reversible capacity2 of3 241 mA h g after 500 cycles was with 30 wt.% RGO demonstrated a capacity of 289 mA·h·g−1 at a current density of 50 mA·g−1 demonstrated. Co3O4 is a p-type semiconductor while SnO2 is an n-type semiconductor. In the after 50 cycles [261]. Inter-connected nanochannels and γ-Fe O nanoparticles (5 nm) uniformly discharge process, the internal electric field then points from th2 e 3SnO2 side to the Co3O4 side as an embedded in a porous carbon matrix were synthesized via an aerosol spray pyrolysis technique. As an effective p-n junction. As a result, a depletion region is formed, reducing the accumulation of charge anode, this composite delivered the discharge capacity of 740 mA·h·g−1+after 200 cycles. The capacity at the interfaces, which is favorable to the diffusion and insertion of Na ions. Other heterostructures remained at 317 mA·h·g−1 at a current density of 8000 mA·g−1. Fe-ZIF derived Fe O embedded have been synthesized. For example, carbon-encapsulated wire-in-tube Co3O4/MnO2 h2 et3erostructure in the nitrogen-doped carbon matrix with strong oxygen-bridge bonds demonstrated a capacity of nanofibers (Co3O4/MnO2@C) synthesized via electrospinning followed by calcination delivered 306 473.7 m−1A·h·g−1 at th−e1 current density of 100 mA·g−1 after 100 cycles. The capacity r−e1mained at mA h g at 100 mA g over 200 cycles, but also showed a cycling stability of 126 mA h g after 1000 155.3 mA·h·g−1 at 4 A·g−1 [262]. −1 cycles at a high current density of 800 mA g [282]. We can also cite ZnO/Co3O4 [283] Figure 10. (A) Illustration for the synthesis of the yolk-shell structured highly crystallized mesoporous Figure 10. (A) Illustration for the synthesis of the yolk-shell structured highly crystallized mesoporous FeO inhollowN-dopedCarbonNanospheres(HCM-FeO@void@N-C).Step1:Thecitrate-capped Fe3O44in hollow N-doped Carbon Nanospheres (HCM-Fe3O4@void@N-C). Step 1: The citrate-capped Fe O (CC-Fe O ) nanoparticles were obtained through the solvothermal method. Step 2: The Fe3O44(CC-Fe3O3 4)4nanoparticles were obtained through the solvothermal method. Step 2: The CC- CC-Fe O nanoparticlesweresuccessivelycoatedbySiO andnitrogen-dopedresorcinol-formaldehyde 342 Fe3O4 nanoparticles were successively coated by SiO2 and nitrogen-doped resorcinol-formaldehyde (N-RF) through sol-gel method. Step 3: The HCM-Fe O @void@N-C were produced via calcining 34 (N-RF) through sol-gel method. Step 3: The HCM-Fe3O4@void@N-C were produced via calcining the the CC-Fe O @SiO @N-RF nanospheres and etching the SiO layer through hot NaOH solution. 342 2 CC-Fe3O4@SiO2@N-RF nanospheres and etching the SiO2 layer through hot NaOH solution. (B) The (B) The cyclic voltammetry curves (a) of the initial four cycles obtained within a voltage range of cyclic voltammetry curves (a) of the initial four cycles obtained within a voltage range of 0.01–3.0 V 0.01–3.0 V and charge-discharge curves (b) at different current densities of the yolk-shell structured and charge-discharge curves (b) at different current densities of the yolk-shell structured HCM- HCM-Fe3 O4 @void@N-C nanospheres. The rate capabilities at different current densities (c), the Fe3O4@void@N-C nanospheres. The rate capabilities at different current densities (c), the cycling cycling performance at 160 mA·g−1 (d), and the Nyquist plots (e) of A HCM-Fe O @void@N-C, B -1 34 performance at 160 mA g (d), and the Nyquist plots (e) of A HCM-Fe3O4@void@N-C, B HCM- HCM-Fe3O4@void@C, C HCM-Fe3O4@C, D HCM-Fe3O4, and E CC-Fe3O4 nanospheres. Reproduced Fe3O4@void@C, C HCM-Fe3O4@C, D HCM-Fe3O4, and E CC-Fe3O4 nanospheres. Reproduced with with permission from [259]. Copyright 2015 Elsevier. permission from [259]. Copyright 2015 Elsevier.PDF Image | Electrode Materials for Sodium-Ion Batteries
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