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Molecules 2022, 27, 6516 6 of 32 to a lower angle and is wider than that of graphite, indicating that the soft carbon forms a crystal area. Its crystallinity is not as good as graphite and the layer spacing is relatively large. Similarly, the (002) peak of HC is obviously lower in angle and larger in width, because the strong crosslinking interaction prevents the carbon layer from slipping during the pyrolysis process and generates graphite sheets with a higher degree of crystallinity. By comparing the diffraction peak (004) of the three materials, the weakening of peak intensity means a decrease of the crystallization degree. From the observation of the in- plane diffraction peak, such as the (100) peak, the angle and width of the (100) peak of soft carbon and HC are similar, which proves the similar internal turbostratic disordered structure, and the main difference between the two is the stacking degree in the c-axis direction. Compared with the (100) peak of graphite, the in-plane diffraction of amorphous carbon is weaker, indicating that more defects and bending structures may be generated in the amorphous carbon. Besides, HC and soft carbon obviously lose the peaks of (101) Molecules 202a2,n2d7, x(0FO12R)PoEEfRinR-EpVlIEaWne diffraction, which further confirms the reduction in crystal size and disorder of the internal structure [56]. 7 of 34 Figure 3. SchematicFidgiuarger3a.mScohfemHaCti,csdoifatgcramrbofnH, aCn,dsogftracaprhbiotne,.a(na)dXgrRaDphcitoen. (tara)sXtRdDiacgornatmras(tmdioadgrifiamed(modified according to the reference [56], the sharpness of the image after graphite◦2θ = 35° as amplified ten according to the reference [56], the sharpness of the image after graphite 2θ = 35 as amplified times). (b) Schematic diagram of the microstructure of three carbon materials. (c) SAXs contrast ten times). (b) Schematic diagram of the microstructure of three carbon materials. (c) SAXs contrast diagram (modified according to the reference [57]; the Iwaxs, Iporod and Imicropores are the parameters of diagram (modified according to the reference [57]; the Iwaxs, Iporod and Imicropores are the parameters the structure and model established in reference). of the structure and model established in reference). In Figure 3c, the HC was prepared at 1050 °C by the argon pyrolysis method with ◦ dehydrated sucrocosekeasbathsedccaarrbon source,, atnhde sthoeftgcrarpbhoitne was acatlycpiniceadl swynitheaticpegtrraoplheiutem[57]. The In Figure 3cd, teheydHraCtedwsauscrporseepasrethdeacatr1b0o5n0soCurcbey, ttheesoafrtgcoanrbponyrwoalyssciaslcminetdhwodithwaitphetroleum cokebasedcarbonsmsoaullracen,galendX-trhaeygsrcapttheriitnegw(aSsAaXtsy)piactatlersnysntohfethicegtrharpeehiatree[5c7o]m.pTahredsminaltlhe same schematic diagram. Under the low scattering vector, the graphite pattern is an inclined angle X-ray scattering (SAXs) patterns of the three are compared in the same schematic straight line, indicating that it basically has no microporous structure, and the straight diagram. Under the low scattering vector, the graphite pattern is an inclined straight line of soft carbon is slightly curved, indicating the roughness of its surface that may have line, indicating that it basically has no microporous structure, and the straight line of soft a disordered structure and some micropores. In contrast, HC exhibits its characteristic carbon is slightly curved, indicating the roughness of its surface that may have a disordered pattern of a plateau in the range Q = 1~10 nm−1 behind the slanted line of the low scat- structure and some micropores. In contrast, HC exhibits its characteristic pattern of a tering vector, which indicates the presence of a microporous structure [58]. plateau in the range Q = 1~10 nm−1 behind the slanted line of the low scattering vector, Figure 3b shows a simple schematic diagram of the microstructure of HC, soft car- which indicates the presence of a microporous structure [58]. bon, and graphite. As noted in the preceded sections, the structure of the amorphous Figure 3b shows a simple schematic diagram of the microstructure of HC, soft carbon, carbon is quite different from that of graphite; the crystallinity, surface defects, number of and graphite. Asmnoictreodpoinretshaenpdregcraepdheidtesleacyteiornssp,atchinegstvraurcytutoresomf tehexatemnot.rIpnhaodudsitciaornbtonhiasving the quite different frosmamtheattuorbfogsrtarapthicitdei;stohrdeecreydstsatrlulicntiutyre, sausrsfoafctecadrebfoenc,tsH, Cnuhmasbaerceorftaminicdreogproeereosf crystal- lization, a greater degree of internal disorder, and more microporous structures. As and graphite layer spacing vary to some extent. In addition to having the same turbostratic shown in Figure 4, in terms of crystal parameters, La and Lc (the average width and disordered structure as soft carbon, HC has a certain degree of crystallization, a greater thickness of crystals stacked along axis-a and axis-c) of HC and soft carbon are relatively close. The rise of pyrolysis temperature increased the La and Lc of soft carbon obviously; therefore, increasing its crystallinity and gradually turning it susceptible to graphitiza- tion. However, the change of La and Lc in HC is relatively gentle [59], proving that it is more difficult to undergo graphitization.PDF Image | Hard Carbons as Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries
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