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Molecules 2022, 27, 6516 8 of 32 as shown in Figure 5c. From the various characterization results, larger layer spacing and Molecules 2022, 27, x FOR PEER REVlIoEWwer graphitization increase sodium intercalation (at an inclined potential cur9voef),3w4 hile porosity greatly affects the adsorption capacity (at a low potential plateau) [62]. Figure 5. (a) Schematic illustration of the “intercalation-adsorption” mechanism for Sodium-ion Figure 5. (a) Schematic illustration of the “intercalation-adsorption” mechanism for Sodium-ion storage in HC [63]. (b) Ex situ XRD patterns for HC electrodes: (I) pristine electrode, reduced in storage in HC [63]. (b) Ex situ XRD patterns for HC electrodes: (I) pristine electrode, reduced in galvanostatic method to (II) 0.40 V, (III) 0.20 V, (IV) 0.10 V, (V) 0.00 V, and (VI) oxidized to 2.00 V galvanostatic method to (II) 0.40 V, (III) 0.20 V, (IV) 0.10 V, (V) 0.00 V, and (VI) oxidized to 2.00 V after after reduction to 0.00 V in 1 mol dm−1 NaClO4 PC. (• PVDF binder) [61]. (c) Ex situ SAXs patterns reduction to 0.00 V in 1 mol dm−1 NaClO PC. (• PVDF binder) [61]. (c) Ex situ SAXs patterns for for HC electrodes: (I) pristine, reduced in ga4lvanostatic method to (II) 0.20 V, (III) 0.00 V, (IV) re- −1 HoCxideilzeecdtrotod2e.s0:0(IV)pinri1stminoel,drmeducNeadCilnOg4aPlCva[6n1o]s.taticmethodto(II)0.20V,(III)0.00V,(IV)reoxidized to 2.00 V in 1 mol dm−1 NaClO4 PC [61]. 3.3.2. Adsorption-Intercalation In 2012, Cao’s group [36] proposed a sodium storage mechanism that is completely 3.3.2. Adsorption-Intercalation opposite to the “intercalation-adsorption”, as shown in Figure 6a. In order to elucidate In 2012, Cao’s group [36] proposed a sodium storage mechanism that is completely the mechanism of Sodium-ion intercalation in HC electrodes, the energy change of So- opposite to the “intercalation-adsorption”, as shown in Figure 6a. In order to elucidate the dium-ion intercalation into HC, with the change of carbon layer spacing, was simulated mechanism of Sodium-ion intercalation in HC electrodes, the energy change of Sodium-ion theoretically. It was found that the energy variation with the change of a carbon layer intercalation into HC, with the change of carbon layer spacing, was simulated theoretically. spacing was relatively smooth at 0.37 nm, and the intercalation of Sodium-ion at the low It was found that the energy variation with the change of a carbon layer spacing was potential platform of 0~0.1 V was very similar to that of graphite lithium storage. There- relatively smooth at 0.37 nm, and the intercalation of Sodium-ion at the low potential fore, it is inferred that the low potential platform corresponds to the reversible insertion platform of 0~0.1 V was very similar to that of graphite lithium storage. Therefore, it is and extraction in NaCx formation (shown in Figure 6b). Furthermore, through an elec- inferred that the low potential platform corresponds to the reversible insertion and extrac- trochemical impedance calculation [64], the research group showed that the diffusion tion in NaCx formation (shown in Figure 6b). Furthermore, through an electrochemical coefficient of Sodium-ion in the low-potential platform region was similar to that of impedance calculation [64], the research group showed that the diffusion coefficient of graphite, confirming the intercalation mechanism of the platform region. Sodium-ion in the low-potential platform region was similar to that of graphite, confirming Ji [65] regulated the structural characteristics of HC by means of heteroatom-doping the intercalation mechanism of the platform region. and revealed the storage mechanism of Sodium-ions in the material. A high temperature Ji [65] regulated the structural characteristics of HC by means of heteroatom-doping annealing treatment of HC resulted in a decrease in slope capacity. High temperature aandneraelvinegalewdotuhlde srteomraogve mdefcehctansitsems forof mSotdhieumsu-rifoancse ionf the material,. lAeahdignhg teomapdeer-ature acnrenaesaelingittsrseoadtmiuemntstofraHgeCcraepsaucliteyd. Tihneraefdoercer,etahseeslionpselocappeaciatpyawciatsy.atHtribguhtetdemtoptehreature aandnseoarlpintigonwoofuslodiruemoavtededfefcetcstitseitse.sfromthesurfaceofthematerial,leadingtoadecrease in its sodium storage capacity. Therefore, the slope capacity was attributed to the adsorption of sodium at defect sites.PDF Image | Hard Carbons as Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries
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