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Molecules 2022, 27, 6516 11 of 32 Molecules 2022, 27, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 34 Figure 8. (a) Galvanostatic initial discharge and charge curves of cock-derived HC (prepared at Figure 8. (a) Galvanostatic initial discharge and charge curves of cock-derived HC (prepared at different pyrolytic temperatures) at a current rate of 0.1 C (30 mA g−1). (b) Specific capacity of different pyrolytic temperatures) at a current rate of 0.1 C (30 mA g−1). (b) Specific capacity of cock-derived HC from the different plateau (<0.15 V) and slope (>0.15 V) contributions (discharge cock-derived HCndfrom the different plateau (<0.15 V) and slope (>0.15 V) contributions (discharge capacity at the 2 cycle) [67]. (c) Simple schematic illustration of the proposed sodium storage cmapeachciatnyisamt t[h68e].2nd cycle) [67]. (c) Simple schematic illustration of the proposed sodium storage mechanism [68]. Titirici’s group [68] prepared a glucose-based HC with different internal structures by teTmitpireircai’tsurgeroreugpu[la6t8io]np;rethpearseodiaumglustcorsaeg-ebamsecdhHanCismwiwthasdimffoedreifnietdinbteasrendalosntrtuhcetures binytetercmalpaetiroantu-ardesorerpgtuiolantimono;dtehleofsoDdaihunm.Isttowrasgefomunedchthanatispmorweafisllimngodoicficuedrrebdasiendthoenthe ilnotwer-cpaoltaetniotinal-apdlastoeraputiroengiomno,danedlothfeDpaohrnes.bIetcwamasefmoournedmtehtatllipzoedrewfiiltlhintgheoicncureraresediinnthe 23 lpoowr-epsoitzens,tidael mploantestaruatreedgiboyne, xansditutheNpaorneuscbleacramaegmneotrice mreseotanlalnizced(NwMithR)thsepeinctcrroesa-se in 23 copy. As Figure 8c shows, the HC with various internal structures were prepared by pore sizes, demonstrated by ex situ Na nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. adjusting the temperatures from 1000~1900 °C, the schematic diagram was made by As Figure 8c shows, the HC with various internal structures were prepared by adjusting ◦ linking the characterization of materials structure with the electrochemical properties. the temperatures from 1000~1900 C, the schematic diagram was made by linking the Relatively low pyrolysis temperatures have the highest defect concentration and the characterization of materials structure with the electrochemical properties. widest spacing between the sodium storage layers, although strong binding energy at Relatively low pyrolysis temperatures have the highest defect concentration and the some defect sites can lead to irreversible storage of sodium at these sites (also the first widest spacing between the sodium storage layers, although strong binding energy at some cycle of irreversible storage caused by the formation of an unstable solid electrolyte in- defect sites can lead to irreversible storage of sodium at these sites (also the first cycle of terphase, which is not discussed in this work). Due to the small pore area at this time, the irreversible storage caused by the formation of an unstable solid electrolyte interphase, pore filling amount is very small, resulting in an electric potential curve that is com- which is not discussed in this work). Due to the small pore area at this time, the pore filling pletely composed of slope capacity. With the increase in pyrolysis temperature, the amount is very small, resulting in an electric potential curve that is completely composed crystallinity increases, some surface defects are removed, and the interval between the of slope capacity. With the increase in pyrolysis temperature, the crystallinity increases, layers decreases slightly. However, the storage capacity of the pores increases with the some surface defects are removed, and the interval between the layers decreases slightly. increase in pore size, so the platform area capacity appears and the slope area capacity However, the storage capacity of the pores increases with the increase in pore size, so the decreases. At higher pyrolysis temperatures (about 1700~1900 °C), the number of defects platform area capacity appears and the slope area capacity decreases. At higher pyrolysis plunges, so the capacity of the slope area decreases significantly. In addition, with the temperatures (about 1700~1900 ◦C), the number of defects plunges, so the capacity of the increase in pore size, the diffusion pathway is closed, thus some pores cannot be used for slope area decreases significantly. In addition, with the increase in pore size, the diffusion sodium storage, and it is obvious that the platform capacity also decreases. The same pathway is closed, thus some pores cannot be used for sodium storag23e, and it is obvious hypothesis was also confirmed by X-ray and neutron scattering, ex situ Na NMR spec- that the platform capacity also decreases. The same hypothesis was also confirmed by X-ray and neutron scattering, ex situ 23Na NMR spectroscopy, electrochemical characterization, and Density Functional Theory (DFT) simulation.PDF Image | Hard Carbons as Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries
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