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Molecules 2022, 27, 6516 10 of 32 Molecules 2022, 27, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 34 Figure 7. (a) Schematic illustration of the “adsorption-pore filling “mechanism for Sodium-ion Figure 7. (a) Schematic illustration of the “adsorption-pore filling “mechanism for Sodium-ion storage in HC. (b) Galvanostatic charge and discharge curves in the 2nd cycle of 1000 °C py◦rolytic storage in HC. (b) Galvanostatic charge and discharge curves in the 2nd cycle of 1000 C pyrolytic HC. (c) Galvanostatic charge and discharge curves in the second cycle of 1000 °C pyrolytic HC–S HC. (c) Galvanostatic charge and discharge curves in the second cycle of 1000 ◦C pyrolytic HC–S composite.(in Na half-cells with 0.8M NaPF6 in DEGDME at a current density of 20 mA g−1) [66]. composite.(in Na half-cells with 0.8M NaPF6 in DEGDME at a current density of 20 mA g−1) [66]. Xu [66] introduced an S element into the HC structure (HC–S composites were Xu [66] introduced an S element into the HC structure (HC–S composites were pre- prepared by mixing and vacuum pyrolysis), and the same characteristic peak (002) of pared by mixing and vacuum pyrolysis), and the same characteristic peak (002) of XRD XRD indicated that sulfur did not enter the interlayer of graphite. There was no sulfur indicated that sulfur did not enter the interlayer of graphite. There was no sulfur deposition deposition on the surface of the carbon structure observed by high resolution transmis- on the surface of the carbon structure observed by high resolution transmission electron sion electron microscopy (HRTEM), so it was proved that sulfur was stably infused and microscopy (HRTEM), so it was proved that sulfur was stably infused and dispersed in dispersed in the microporous interval. In addition, it reduced the capacity of the platform the microporous interval. In addition, it reduced the capacity of the platform area and pro- area and provided strong evidence for the “pore filling” sodium storage mechanism of vided strong evidence for the “pore filling” sodium storage mechanism of the low-potential the low-potential plateau (as shown in Figure 7b,c). Their work also mentioned the cor- plateau (as shown in Figure 7b,c). Their work also mentioned the correlation between relation between the decrease in the surface defect concentration and the slope capacity, tahloendgewcriethasteheineftfhecetsoufrtfhaeceledcetfreoclyttceoonncethnetrpaltaiotfnoramndcatphaecitsylo;pitewcaspparcoitvye,natlhoantgthweritehthe ewffaesctnofrtehveresliebclteroSolydtieuomn-itohneipnltaetrfcoarlamtiocnapbaectiwtye;einttwhaesgprarpovheitnesthaeetthlaeyrerws.asnoreversible SodiuHmu-’isognroinutper[c6a7l]aatiloson pbreotwpoesendtahesimgrialaprhmitecshaeneitsmlaybeyrsa.djusting the complex pore strucHtuure’sogfraotuype[6o7f]waalstoepcororkp-odseerdiveadsiHmCi.laWr imthetcheainicsrmeasbeyinadpjyursotliynsgisttheemcpoemraptulerex,pore one-dimensional-like morphology was formed in the pore structures, which promoted structure of a type of waste cork-derived HC. With the increase in pyrolysis temperature, the ion transportation. The measurement results of the galvanostatic intermittent titration one-dimensional-like morphology was formed in the pore structures, which promoted technique (GITT) showed that the lower the pyrolysis temperature, the lower the plat- the ion transportation. The measurement results of the galvanostatic intermittent titration form voltage and the higher the slope voltage, suggesting that the sodium storage po- technique (GITT) showed that the lower the pyrolysis temperature, the lower the platform tential is related to the microstructure of this HC (as shown in Figure 8a,b). As mentioned voltage and the higher the slope voltage, suggesting that the sodium storage potential is above, this work considers that there is no sodium intercalation process in the graphite related to the microstructure of this HC (as shown in Figure 8a,b). As mentioned above, this microcrystalline region in the mechanism of sodium storage. Via mercury intrusion, ni- work considers that there is no sodium intercalation process in the graphite microcrystalline trogen adsorption, SAXs, skeletal density techniques, various electrochemical analytical region in the mechanism of sodium storage. Via mercury intrusion, nitrogen adsorption, methods, and the in situ analysis of a well-designed pore structure, the correlation be- SAXs, skeletal density techniques, various electrochemical analytical methods, and the tween the internal porous structure and the electrochemical properties of HC was ob- in situ analysis of a well-designed pore structure, the correlation between the internal tained. Open-macropores are conducive to the stability of the carbon matrix; porous structure and the electrochemical properties of HC was obtained. Open-macropores open-micropores have an influence on initial coulombic efficiency and closed-nanopores are conducive to the stability of the carbon matrix; open-micropores have an influence benefit the increase of the platform capacity; that is, they support the filling mechanism on initial coulombic efficiency and closed-nanopores benefit the increase of the platform of the platform region. Besides, the filling process of sodium at this position is more capacity; that is, they support the filling mechanism of the platform region. Besides, the complex than the deposition (such as forming metallic clusters). filling process of sodium at this position is more complex than the deposition (such as forming metallic clusters).PDF Image | Hard Carbons as Anodes in Sodium-Ion Batteries
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