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rgies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW Energies 2022, 15, 8086 6 of 20 Figure 4. Raman spectrum of K-CS, Na-CS, Zn-CS. Figure 4. Raman spectrum of K-CS, Na-CS, Zn-CS. FT-IR technique was used to determine the functional groups of the prepared (K–CS, FT-IR technique was used to determine the functional groups of the prep Na–CS, Zn–CS) samples as shown in Figure 5. In the raw Coconut Sheath (CS) sample the bands at around 1206 cm−1 correspond to hemicellulose [26,27]. The bands at about CS, Na–CS, Zn–CS) samples as shown in Figure 5. In the raw Coconut Sheath ( 2942 cm−1 and 3413 cm−1 correspond to α–cellulose while the abiding bands fit into ple the bands at around 1206 cm−1 correspond to hemicellulose [26,27]. The lignin. It can be evidently seen that the CSHC samples show noticeable characteristic about 2942 cm−1 and 3413 cm−1 correspond to α–cellulose while the abiding band bands of functional groups. The spectrum of carbon gave the absorption spectra of C=C −1 −1, −1 lignaitn1.61I2tcman,baeneinvteidnseenbtlayndsCee–Onatth1a0t57thcemCSaHndCCs–aOmHpalte1s37s6hcomwn[o28t,i2c9e]a.bBlyechar comparing the raw CS and K–CS, Na–CS, and Zn–CS after carbonization, it is observed that bands of functional groups. The spectrum of carbon gave the absorption spectr the characteristic vibrational bands of those CH functional groups nearly vanish, and the IR at 1612 cm−1, an intense band C–O at 1057 cm−1, and C–OH at 1376 cm−1 [28,29]. curve is adjacent to a straight line with no obvious functional peaks, insisting that the CSHC paring the raw CS and K–CS, Na–CS, and Zn–CS after carbonization, it is obser is almost completely carbonized, in which the organic bonds are entirely decomposed to form hard carbon. the characteristic vibrational bands of those CH functional groups nearly vanish, The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was executed for all three CSHC precursors IR curve is adjacent to a straight line with no obvious functional peaks, insisting as shown in Figure 6. It is indisputable that the disordered, randomly oriented porous CSHC is almost completely carbonized, in which the organic bonds are entirely structure has been attained by KOH, NaOH, and ZnCl2 activation. The SEM images poseexdpotsoedfothremeffheactrodf cpayroblyosnis. and chemical activation on the surface of carbon produced from the CS. The pyrolysis of the pre-carbonized precursor in the presence of KOH, NaOH, and ZnCl2 creates open channels with little visible limited microporosity. Pinku Poddar et al. studied the mechanical, structural, and morphological study of coconut leaf sheath. In that study, they presented the SEM image of raw coconut leaf sheath precursor revealing a sheet-like structure, without any chemical activating agent. The raw CS turns into brown- colored powder after being dried and crushed. Subsequently, the powder turns black after chemical activation and pyrolysis. Here, all the HC particles show an irregular porous structure when compared to the above-mentioned untreated coconut leaf sheath, which means that the different chemical activating agents used have affected the size of the e a C b s a a B vPDF Image | Morphology Derived Coconut Sheath for Sodium-Ion Battery
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