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Na4Fe2(PO4)3 in cathode turned into Na5Fe2(PO4)3. Assembled with a hard carbon anode, the full cell delivered an ideal specific capacity of 74.6 mAh/g in 0 °C and 40 mAh/g at −20 °C with rate of 1 C, as shown in Figure 3f. Meanwhile, MNVP@C nano tubes were designed and synthesized by Changzhou Yuan et al. [36]. They first processed the raw Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 3529 material using a large-scale mechanical stirring method and then annealed it to obtain the target cathode. When testing electrochemical performance, covered with a hard car- bon anode, it delivers a specific capacity of 111.3 mAh/g at ambient temperatures, 105 6 of 29 mechanical stirring method and then annealed it to obtain the target cathode. When testing mAh/g at 0 °C, and 95 mAh/g at −15 °C at a 1 C rate. Meanwhile, it exhibited a favorable electrochemical performance, covered with a hard carbon anode, it delivers a specific capacity of 111.3 mAh/g at ambient temperatures, 105 mAh/g at 0 ◦C, and 95 mAh/g at capacity retention of 91% after 300 cycles at extremely low temperatures of −25 °C. More- ◦ over, Liu, Haimei et al. [37] proposed a Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7 structure combined with Mn −15 C at a 1 C rate. Meanwhile, it exhibited a favorable capacity retention of 91% after 2+ 300 cycles at extremely low temperatures of −25 ◦C. Moreover, Liu, Haimei et al. [37] and modified with graphene as an SIB cathode. Both Mn2+ doping and graphene modify- proposed a Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7 structure combined with Mn2+ and modified with graphene ing effectively enhanced the ion transition;2t+hus, the system showed impressive low- as an SIB cathode. Both Mn doping and graphene modifying effectively enhanced the temperatureperformionantrcaen.siAtiotna;trhautse,othfe0s.y2stCematsh−o2w0e°dCim,aprsepsseivceifliocwc-atepmapceirtaytuorfe8p5erfmorAmhan/gce.Atarate ◦ of 0.2 C at −20 C, a specific capacity of 85 mAh/g can be obtained. Furthermore, at 0.5 C, its can be obtained. Furthermore, at 0.5 C, its capacity retention is still 96.8% after 180 cycles capacity retention is still 96.8% after 180 cycles at −20 ◦C, indicating that it has more favorable at −20 °C, indicating that it has more favorable stability in extreme conditions compared stability in extreme conditions compared with Na Fe (PO ) P O without Mn2+ doping. with Na4Fe3(PO4)2P2O7 without Mn2+ doping. 434227 Figure 3. (a) The structure of the NFP@C. (b) NFP@C cathode charge–discharge in long-term cycling Figure 3. (a) The structure of the NFP@C. (b) NFP@C cathode charge–discharge in long-term cy- of 1000 cycles at a high rate of 2 C at −10 ◦C and −20 ◦C. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [28]. cling of 1000 cycles at a high rate of 2 C at −10 °C and −20 °C. Reproduced with permission from ◦ Copyright2020Elsevier.(c)Electrochemicalperformanceofthree-electrodecellat0.1Cand−15 C.Re- Ref. [28]. Copyright 2020 Elsevier. (c) Electrochemical performance of three-electrode cell at 0.1 C produced with permission from Ref. [29]. Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society. (d) Schematic and −15 °C. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [29]. Copyright 2017 American Chemical Soci- illustration of Na2-xVCP morphological changes in different temperatures. Reproduced with permis- ety. (d) Schematic illustration of Na2-xVCP morphological changes in different temperatures. Re- sion from Ref. [30]. Copyright 2020 Wiley-VCH. (e) Discharge capacity when the temperature changes produced with permission from R◦ ef. [30]. ◦Copyright 2020 Wiley-VCH. (e) Discharge capacity between −10 C and 23 C with 1 C. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [31]. Copyright 2016 El- when the temperature changes between −10 °C and 23 °C with 1 C. Reproduced with permission sevier. (f) The charge–discharge profiles of NFP||Nax+yC full cell at 1 C in a range of temperatures. from Ref. [31]. CopyriRgehptro2d0u1c6edEwlsiethviper.m(ifs)siTonhefrocmhaRregf.e[–3d5]i.sCcohpayrrgigehpt 2r0o1f9ilAems oerficNanFCPh|e|mNicaxl+SyoCcifeutyl.l cell at 1 C in a range of temperatures. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [35]. Copyright 2019 American Chemical Society. 2.3.2. Fluorophosphates In the structure of fluorophosphates, highly electronegative F can improve the output voltage.NaV(PO)F hasaspecialpolyanionicstructurethatconsistsofa3Dframework 2.3.2. Fluorophosphates 3 2 4 2 3 + with V2O8F3 bi-octahedra connected by PO4 tetrahedra and large tunnels where Na is mobile upon extraction–insertion reactions. Laurence Croguennec et al. [38] produced In the structure of fluorophosphates, highly electronegative F can improve the output voltage. Na3V2(PO4)2F3 has a special polyanionic structure that consists of a 3D framework carbon-coated Na3V2(PO4)2F3. Additionally, changes in the phase diagram upon cycling were observed by operando X-ray diffraction and other methods, as shown in Figure 4a. with V2O8F3 bi-octahedra connected by PO4 tetrahedra and large tunnels where Na+ is mo- When coupled with hard carbon, the full cell showed a high voltage of 3.75 V and a specific bile upon extraction–insertion reactions. Laurence Croguennec et al. [38] produced car- capacity of 105 mAh/g at 0.1 C under 0 ◦C. Meanwhile, a temperature-controlled operando ◦ bon-coated Na3V2(PcOel4l)2wFa3.sAusdeditoiodneatellrym,icnheatnhegepshainsetdhieagprhamaseatd0iagCr,awmhiuchptounrnceydcoliuntgtowberemostly unchanged compared to that recorded at 25 ◦C. Xinglong Wu et al. [39] proposed a high- voltage polyanionic cathode Na3V2(PO4)2O2F nano-tetraprisms, as shown in Figure 4b,PDF Image | Na Ion Batteries Used at Low Temperatures
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