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increases the opening of the perovskite surface. Meanwhile, the smaller charge and the three bonds in CN- further reduce the contact between Na+ and the anionic p-π electrons through the passing site face. In following experiments, the introduction of carbon nano- tubes further enhanced the conduction of Na+; hence, the cathode has superior electro- chemical performance at low temperatures. As mentioned above, the cathode materials Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 3529 obtained by introducing structural adjustment methods or through special preparation 8 of 29 methods in the work of other research groups also exhibited outstanding low-temperature ◦ performance.Furthaebromuto−re2,0PCB.aTnhedelPeBctAricsa,lwprhopicehrtyoorifgthineabtaettderwyiisthsligthetlygirnoflupencoefdPbryolfoewsstoemrpera- John B. Goodenough of the University of Texas at Austin in 2010, were used in SIBs as tures, at which the voltage is maintained at about 3 V. Among these materials, Prussian part of large-scale commercialization attempts produced by Novasis Energies, Inc. (No- blue is the most used low-temperature cathode material. It is often reported that it can be produced at large scales due to its ideal stability. Some cathode materials, such as sodium vasis). This cathode still has stable cycling performance at low temperatures, while other iron phosphate, have high electrical properties but low voltages. For one cathode material, SIB cathode materials have rarely been reported for large-scale commercial applications. different electrolytes also cause great differences in electrochemical performance at low temperatures. For example, although carbon-coated Na V (PO ) is used as a cathode We believe that PB and PBAs are the most ideal cathode materials in3 t2he f4ut3ure. material, as shown in Figure 5, the conventional organic electrolyte used previously and the ionic liquid electrolyte used in the later results have different electrochemical capacities. Figure 5. Eight different representative cathode materials in low temperatures which are carbon- coated Na3V2(PO4)3 and conventional organic electrolytes at a 1 C rate (NVP@C⃝1 in Figure 5) [33], hybridized Na3V2O2(PO4)2F tested at a 1 C rate [40], Na3VCr(PO4)3 tested at 0.1 C [29], carbon-coated NaFePO4 at 0.1 C [28], Na2Fe[Fe(CN)6] and carbon nanotubes at a 0.1 C rate [18], carbon-coated Na3V2(PO4)3 and ionic liquid electrolytes (NVP@C⃝2 in Figure 5) at a 1 C rate [31], and NaTi2(PO4)3- coated Na0.67Co0.2Mn0.8O2 at a 0.2 C rate [22], from left to right, respectively. In the end of the cathode materials’ section, it is worth mentioning that PB and PBAs are also our significant options. The unique perovskite skeleton in this cathode material has a large lattice parameter, which facilitates the diffusion of Na+. At the same time, CN− increases the opening of the perovskite surface. Meanwhile, the smaller charge and the three bonds in CN− further reduce the contact between Na+ and the anionic p-π electrons through the passing site face. In following experiments, the introduction of carbon nanotubes further enhanced the conduction of Na+; hence, the cathode has superior electrochemical performance at low temperatures. As mentioned above, the cathode materials obtained by introducing structural adjustment methods or through special preparation methods in the work of other research groups also exhibited outstanding low-temperature performance. Furthermore, PB and PBAs, which originated with thePDF Image | Na Ion Batteries Used at Low Temperatures
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