PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 018
Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 3529 18 of 29 as the cation, have high conductivity and low viscosity, and have been shown to possess impressive low-temperature properties in recent studies. Kazuhiko Matsumoto et al. [33] reported the electrolyte of Na [bis (fluorosulfonyl) imide]-[1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolyl] [bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide] (NaFSI-EMIFSI) system with various molar fractions. After test- ing the system with the Na superionic conductor (NASICON)-type NVP electrode, it was shown that the molar fraction of 2:8 (NaFSI: EMIFSI) exhibited the best low-temperature electrochemical performance. The specific capacities were 78.1 mAh/g and 58.6 mAh/g with a 0.1 C rate at −10 ◦C and −20 ◦C, respectively. In another work of Giovanni Battista Appetecchi et al. [68], the conductivities of several bis(trifluoromet-hylsulfonyl) imide (TFSI) and FSI with NaTFSI as ionic liquids were reported. It can be easily concluded that EMI-based electrolytes have favorable low-temperature conductivity, as shown in Figure 11d. In this way, NaTFSI-EMIFSI (molar ratio 1:9) and NaTFSI-EMITFSI (molar ratio 1:9) showed remarkable conductivities of 1.1*10−3 S/cm and 3.8*10−4 S/cm, respectively. Meanwhile, pyrrole ionic liquids are cyclic quaternary amine ionic liquids with similar physicochemical and structural properties as chain quaternary amine ionic liquids. In the study of Rika Hagiwara et al. [69], NaFSI-[N-methyl-N-propylpyrro-lidinyl] [FSI] (NaFSI- C3C1pyrrFSI) was proven to have a favorable electrical conductivity (9.8*10−4 S/cm) at a low temperature of 0 ◦C. When NaFSI-C3C1pyrrFSI was assembled with NaCrO2, about 85% and 51% of the initial discharge capacities were maintained (100 mAh/g and 60 mAh/g) at 0 ◦C and −10 ◦C, respectively. It is also worth mentioning that after a series of temperature changes from 90 ◦C to −20 ◦C and back to 90 ◦C, the discharge capacity returned almost completely to its initial value, indicating that no significant degradation occurred at −20 ◦C, as shown in Figure 11c. Moreover, it also showed outstanding stable performance, of which retention capacity was still 95% after 500 cycles with a current density of 1 C. Meanwhile, when NaFSI-C3C1pyrrFSI was assembled with Na2FeP2O7, the half-cell demonstrated a specific capacity of 80 mAh/g at 0 ◦C, 67 mAh/g at −10 ◦C, and 42 mAh/g at −20 ◦C [70]. Moreover, after a series of temperature gradient changes from 90 ◦C to −20 ◦C and back to 90 ◦C, the specific capacity exhibited only a slight change. In another study of G.B. Appetecchi et al. [71], they investigated a family of PYR14TFSI- NaTFSI (PYR14: N-alkyl-N-methylpyrro-lidinyl cations with 14 carbon atoms in the alkyl side chain) mixtures and proved that with a molar fraction of 9:1, the electrolyte showed remarkable conductivity (2.2*10−3 S/cm) at −30 ◦C, as shown in Figure 11e. 4.3. Aqueous Electrolytes SIBs based on aqueous electrolytes are safe, environmentally friendly, inexpensive, and less corrosive; thus, they are considered for different perspectives and applications [72]. Simultaneously, the aqueous electrolyte is also investigated and proved to have remarkable low-temperature performance. In 1966, Havemeyer [73] found that the freezing point of the water–DMSO mixture (cDMSO = 0.30) was considerably lower than the freezing points of both DMSO (18.9 ◦C) and water (0 ◦C) which was about −140 ◦C. Therefore, Zhanliang Tao et al. [74] synthesized and measured the freezing point of the DMSO system through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), proving that the freezing point of the unique solvent is about −150 ◦C. Thus, it proved that adding DMSO (cDMSO = 0.30) in 2 M NaClO4 dramatically decreases the freezing point of the electrolyte and improving the low-temperature performance. At an extremely low temperature of −50 ◦C, the electrolyte conductivity reached 1.1*10−4 S/cm. Furthermore, the electrochemical function was tested by sandwiching the NaTi2(PO4)3@C (NTP@C) anode and carbon cathode. The full cell with the 2M-0.3 electrolyte exhibited an excellent specific capacity (ca. 68 mAh/g) and cycle performance (95%) over 100 cycles at a rate of 0.665 C. As demonstrated by Zhanliang Tao et al. [54], NaClO4 can be used as an electrolyte without any additives in extreme environments. Sandwiched by the NaTi2(PO4)3 anode and the nano Ni (OH)2 cathode, the full cell delivered favorable characteristics through a dual-ion reaction. It showed specific capacities of 82 mAh/g at 0 ◦C, 78 mAh/g at −10 ◦C, and 70 mAh/g at −20 ◦C, with an average voltage of 1.25 V. Moreover, the capacity retention remained 85% under a ratePDF Image | Na Ion Batteries Used at Low Temperatures
PDF Search Title:
Na Ion Batteries Used at Low TemperaturesOriginal File Name Searched:
nanomaterials-12-03529-v4.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Salgenx Redox Flow Battery Technology: Salt water flow battery technology with low cost and great energy density that can be used for power storage and thermal storage. Let us de-risk your production using our license. Our aqueous flow battery is less cost than Tesla Megapack and available faster. Redox flow battery. No membrane needed like with Vanadium, or Bromine. Salgenx flow battery
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com (Standard Web Page)