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their freezing points are all below −50 °C. In the group of Wu Zhongshuai et al. [76], a planar aqueous sodium-ion micro-battery was introduced in the water-in-salt electrolyte. The water-in-salt electrolyte matched perfectly with the NVP-based anode and cathode, which delivered a favorable voltage window of 2.7 V versus Na+/Na at an extremely low Nanomaterials 2022, 12, 3529 19 of 29 temperature of −50 °C. The system has already exhibited satisfactory stability in long-term cycling. After 1000 cycles at room temperature, it exhibited a capacity retention of 88%. Meanwhile, at −40 °C, its coulombic efficiency is still above 99% because of the interdigital of 10 C after ultralong life of 10,000 cycles. Then, combined with SEM results, it can be in-planegeometrysycsotnecmlud.edthatthereisnopulverizationoragglomerationonthesurfaceoftheelectrodeat low temperatures. Figure 11. (a) Electrochemical windows for different electrolytes. (b) Heat flow of six sugar-based Figure 11. (a) Electrochemical windows for different electrolytes. (b) Heat flow of six sugar-based electrolytes in a wide temperature range. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [75]. Copyright electrolytes in a wide temperature range. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [75]. Copyright 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany. (c) Discharge capacities among 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, Germany. (c) Discharge capacities among a series temperature changes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [69]. Copyright The Electro- a series temperature changes. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [69]. Copyright The E◦lectro- ◦ chemical Society of Japan. (d) EMIFSI and EMITFSI conductivity changes from −40 C to 80 C. chemical Society of JapRaenpr.o(du)ceEdMwIiFthSpIearmndissiEoMn fIrTomFSRIecf.o[n68d].ucCtoipvyitryighcthCarnegateivsefCromm−o4n0s A°Cttritbouti8o0n °LCic.ense. Reproducedwithperm(ies)sPiYoRn1f4rToFmSI-NRaeTfF.S[6Ie8l]e.ctCrolpytyesr’igmhelttiCngrepaotiinvte(mC.opm.),mionoicncsoAndtutrcitbivuittyio(σn),Lgilacsesncshea.n(ge)tem- perature (T ), and parameter (T ). (f) The acquirement of PFSA-N. Reproduced with permission PYR14TFSI-NaTFSIelectrolytes’mg eltingpoint(m.0p.),ionicconductivity(σ),glasschangetempera- from Ref. [71]. Copyright 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. ture (Tg), and parameter (T0). (f) The acquirement of PFSA-N. Reproduced with permission from Ref. [71]. Copyright 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Madhavi Srinivasan et al. [66] introduced an ethanol-rich media electrolyte with a Na0.44MnO2 cathode and a Zn anode to reduce the irreversible proton co-insertion caused by aqueous media. The electrolyte consists of a 1 M sodium acetate in the 5:1 v/v ethanol– 4.4. Solid-State Electrolytes water solution compared with different ethanol–water volume ratios disclosed by contact Liquid electrolytes have safety hazards and flammability risks when vehicles are hit angle tests (as shown in Figure 10d) and Raman scattering spectra (as shown in Figure 10e). or the temperature riTsheesystheanrpdrleywwtheitchrehe-adsimbenesnionlealapkiectdurien, alsitshoiuwmn i-nioFnigubraet1t0efr,ytoefnurethrgeryilvlues-trate hicles. The lithium-ion battery car combustion incidents that have occurred in recent years the ethanol–water system. It is a new type of hydrogen bond that effectively reduces the interfacial tension, resulting in the promoted contact between the interfaces of the two have brought people’s concerns back to battery safety. Furthermore, the higher viscosity phases. Additionally, through the positive role in the rearrangement of the H2O network of the electrolyte at low temperatures causes more severe polarization, which is an played by hydrogen bonding, the contact between the two phases is tighter and the signified dissolution of ions at low temperatures is decreased. Therefore, at 0 ◦C and 1 C rate, the full cell exhibited a specific capacity of 44.5 mAh/g with a potential of 1.2 V. After cycling for 50 cycles, the capacity retention still stayed at 94%. It is worth mentioning that a special hydroxyl-rich sugar solution was designed by Mianqi Xue et al. [75] to promote the original hydrogen bond in H2O. Thus, the sugar solution is able to reduce the proportion of free H2O molecules and break their original structure, resulting in less binding degree. After testing electrolytes containing different carbohydrates, it is found that super-concentrated sugars had wide electrolyte windows, reflecting its practicality in SIBs, as shown in Figure 11a. Moreover, this group tested sugar-PDF Image | Na Ion Batteries Used at Low Temperatures
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