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Materials 2018, 11, 2567 6 of 18 In 2015, poly(benzoquinonyl sulfide) (16) was reported by Zhou and co-workers [47]. This polymer was synthesized by an oxidative polymerization technique due to the high reactivity of the benzoquinone monomers. The poly(benzoquinonyl sulfide) delivered a high capacity of 268 mAh·g−1 and a high energy density of 557 Wh·kg−1. However, the capacity decayed at a rate of 0.88 mAh·g−1·cycle−1 after the 2nd cycle and remained at only 68 % after 100 cycles. The capacity was also unstable at current densities above 200 mA·g−1. The authors ascribed the unsatisfactory cycling stability and rate performance to the poor compatibility between the sodium and the 1 mol·L−1 NaN(CF3SO2)2/(dioxolane + dimethoxy ethane) electrolyte. Besides the above synthetic polymers, biomass-derived polydopamine (17) is an ideal redox-active biodegradable electrode material. The carbonyl groups of the o-benzoquinone group act as the active sites for coordination of sodium ions. The polydopamine exhibited excellent electrochemical performance in NIBs, with a high capacity of 500 mAh·g−1 and a capacity retention of 100 % at the 1024th cycle at a current density of 50 mA·g−1 [48]. The emergence of the polyquinones resulted from the high tendency for dissolution of quinones in the organic electrolytes [49]. However, polymerization can only mitigate rather than totally prevent the dissolution. Wu et al. [50] reported a sodium salt of poly(2,5-dihydroxy-p-benzoquinonyl sulfide) (18) as a novel anode material for NIBs. As is seen from Figure 4, the intrinsically insoluble salt form of the polyquinone exhibited an excellent cyclability with a capacity of about 138 mAh·g−1 at the 500th cycle, much better than the original quinone (19 mAh·g−1). Thus, formation of the salt can be a feasible solution to the problem of solubilisation, although further efforts are required in this direction.PDF Image | Polymer Electrode Materials for Sodium-ion Batteries
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