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Chapter 4 Sodium-Based Battery Technologies Figure 2. Illustration of a tubular battery design used for sodium sulfur batteries. The tubular cell assembles are packaged and connected in a thermal enclosure to create functional modules. Images provided courtesy of NGK Insulators, Ltd. Key metrics for these batteries are summarized in Table 1. As these values indicate, NaS systems are valued for high energy density, scalability (tens to hundreds of metawatts), their ability to discharge (rated power) over the course of 6-7 hours with rapid response times (less than 1 second), and reasonable round trip energy efficiencies. As robust, self-contained systems, they are considered “maintenance-free” over the course of 10-15 years, with expectations of 4,000-4,500 total cycles (80% depth of discharge (DOD)). (NGK expects 300 cycles per year for 15 years [3].) Table 1. Comparison of Metrics Typical of Commercial Molten Sodium Batteries. Values taken from Refs 1-3. Practical Energy Density (Wh/L) Expected Cycle Life (cycles at 80% DOD) Expected Operational Lifetime (years) Operating Temperature (°C) Discharge Duration (at rated power) Round- Trip Efficiency NaS Na- NiCl2 300-400 150-190 4,000- 15 300-350 6-7 hours 80% 4,500 3,500- 20 270-300 2-4 hours 4,500 80-85% 2.1. Sodium-Sulfur Batteries Until now, the widespread deployment of NaS batteries has been limited by a few select factors. First, these batteries operate near or above 300°C, which ensures not only the molten character of the sodium and the sulfur/polysulfide catholyte, but also the low ionic resistance of the BASE separator. Counterintuitively perhaps, because the systems are engineered to control and maintain this elevated temperature efficiently, they are functional across a wider range of environmental temperatures than most other technologies (-20°C to +40°C). Less desirably, however, at the high operating temperatures, the sulfur/polysulfide catholyte is strongly corrosive, and in the event of a 4PDF Image | SODIUM-BASED BATTERY TECHNOLOGIES CH 4
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