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batteries Article High-Performance Na0.44MnO2 Slabs for Sodium-Ion Batteries Obtained through Urea-Based Solution Combustion Synthesis Chiara Ferrara 1, Cristina Tealdi 1,*, Valentina Dall’Asta 1, Daniel Buchholz 2,3, Luciana G. Chagas 2,3 ID , Eliana Quartarone 1, Vittorio Berbenni 1 and Stefano Passerini 2,3 ID 1 2 3 * Correspondence: cristina.tealdi@unipv.it; Tel.: +39-382-98-7569 Received: 30 December 2017; Accepted: 31 January 2018; Published: 9 February 2018 Abstract: One of the primary targets of current research in the field of energy storage and conversion is the identification of easy, low-cost approaches for synthesizing cell active materials. Herein, we present a novel method for preparing nanometric slabs of Na0.44MnO2, making use of the eco-friendly urea within a solution synthesis approach. This kind of preparation greatly reduces the time of reaction, decreases the thermal treatment temperature, and allows the obtaining of particles with smaller dimensions compared with those obtained through conventional solid-state synthesis. Such a decrease in particle size guarantees improved electrochemical performance, particularly at high current densities, where kinetic limitations become relevant. Indeed, the materials produced via solution synthesis outperform those prepared via solid-state synthesis both at 2 C, (95 mA h g−1 vs. 85 mA h g−1, respectively) and 5 C, (78 mA h g−1 vs. 68.5 mA h g−1, respectively). Additionally, the former material is rather stable over 200 cycles, with a high capacity retention of 75.7%. Keywords: sodium-ion battery; cathode; solution combustion synthesis; capacity retention; Na0.44MnO2 1. Introduction Energy storage is a key challenge of the present time. Academic and industrial research is focusing on the development of optimized materials and fabrication processes in order to meet stringent requirements in terms of electrochemical characteristics, while concomitantly achieving the preparation and commercialization of sustainable products, both from an economic and an environmental perspective [1]. For this reason, attention is being devoted to the search for and optimization of electrode compositions based on abundant and cheap chemical elements. In this context, research in the field of Na-ion battery materials is acquiring increasing importance, mainly due to the fact that, in line with the envisaged increasing demand of rechargeable batteries to implement electric vehicles, as well as portable and stationary applications, concerns have arisen with regard to the cost and availability of lithium in the near future [1,2]. The ability to replace or, better, to complement Li-ion technology with different metal ion chemistry, in particular Na-ions, would lower costs and alleviate such concerns [3,4]. In addition, the use of Na instead of Li metal allows the use of aluminum as an anode current collector, providing a cost-effective alternative to copper [2]. Mn-based compounds are being widely investigated as cathode materials for rechargeable Na-ion batteries and, in particular, sodium manganese oxides such as Na0.67MnO2, Na0.44MnO2 and other Na Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; chiara.ferrara01@universitadipavia.it (C.F.); vale.dallasta@gmail.com (V.D.); eliana.quartarone@unipv.it (E.Q.); vittorio.berbenni@unipv.it (V.B.) Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany; daniel.buchholz@kit.edu (D.B.); luciana.chagas@kit.edu (L.G.C.); stefano.passerini@kit.edu (S.P.) Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Batteries 2018, 4, 8; doi:10.3390/batteries4010008 www.mdpi.com/journal/batteriesPDF Image | Sodium-Ion Batteries Obtained through Urea Based
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