PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 055
Review Article Chem Soc Rev plateau 2: Na + NaSn3* - a-NaSn, plateau 3: 5Na + 4(a-NaSn) - Na9Sn4, plateau 4: 6Na + Na9Sn4* - Na15Sn4 (a-amorphous, *-new crystalline phase)483 (Fig. 36a). Huang’s group investi- gated the microstructural evolution and phase transformation with volumetric expansions of tin nanoparticles during electro- chemical sodiation via the in situ transmission microscopy technique484 (Fig. 36b). According to their report, Sn undergoes a two-step sodiation process to form amorphous NaSn2 (56% expansion) in the first step and sequentially to form amorphous Na9Sn4, Na3Sn (336% expansion), and crystalline Chevrier and Ceder et al. proposed a voltage profile for sodium insertion into tin compounds244 (Fig. 34a). The phase diagram of Na–Sn indicated that the sodiation of Sn progressed in a series of steps: Sn - NaSn5 - NaSn - Na9Sn4 - Na15Sn4.482–484 Komaba et al. experimentally demonstrated that Sn undergoes a reversible electrochemical redox reaction to reversibly form Sn–Na intermetallic phases.482 Based on the DFT calculations and in situ X-ray diffraction results, Ellis et al. suggested that electrochemical sodiation of Na with Sn proceeds through the following reaction steps: plateau 1: Na + Sn - NaSn3*, View Article Online Fig. 36 (a) In situ XRD data and the corresponding voltage curve. Dashed lines indicated the separating two-phase regions. (Reproduced with permission from ref. 483, Copyright 2012 The Electrochemical Society.) (b) Three a-NaxSn phases in the single-phase sodiation and schematic illustration of the structural evolution of Sn NPs during the sodiation. (Reproduced with permission from ref. 484, Copyright 2014 American Chemical Society.) (c) 3D morphologies of the sodiated electrode and selected three particles with different sizes and fracture and (d) schematic illustration of two critical sizes for Sn fracture in NIB. (Reproduced by permission from ref. 485, Nature Publishing Group, Copyright 2015.) (e) TEM images of F-G/Sn@C composites and (f) rate capability and capacity retention of the F-G/Sn@C electrode. (Reprinted from ref. 493, Copyright 2016, with permission from Elsevier.) 3582 | Chem. Soc. Rev., 2017, 46, 3529--3614 This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017 Open Access Article. Published on 28 March 2017. Downloaded on 7/1/2019 3:41:21 AM. This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported Licence.PDF Image | Sodium-ion batteries present and future
PDF Search Title:
Sodium-ion batteries present and futureOriginal File Name Searched:
Sodium-ion batteries present and future.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Salgenx Redox Flow Battery Technology: Salt water flow battery technology with low cost and great energy density that can be used for power storage and thermal storage. Let us de-risk your production using our license. Our aqueous flow battery is less cost than Tesla Megapack and available faster. Redox flow battery. No membrane needed like with Vanadium, or Bromine. Salgenx flow battery
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@salgenx.com (Standard Web Page)