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portion of the adsorbent bed that is outside the waste gas stream is regenerated, thereby, increasing the potential for gas molecules to make contact with freshly regenerated adsorbent. [18] 1.2.4 Fluid-Bed Adsorbers Fluid-bed adsorbers use a counter-flow design in which waste gas typically enters the adsorber vessel from the bottom and flows up through the vessel, while regenerated adsorbent enters from the top and slowly migrates to the bottom of the vessel. As adsorbent flows down through the vessel it gradually becomes saturated. The spent adsorbent is collected at the bottom of the vessel and transferred to a regeneration chamber, as illustrated in Figure 1.2. Because spent adsorbent is continually removed and fresh adsorbent added, fluid-bed adsorbers operate more efficiently and are less likely to experience the breakthrough issues associated with fixed- bed designs and canisters. [17, 18]. Figure 1.2: Schematic of a Fluid-Bed Adsorber [18] 1.3 Types of Adsorbent There are three types of adsorbents in large scale use: activated carbon, synthetic zeolites and polymers. Each type of adsorbent has characteristics that make it effective for certain applications and impractical or uneconomic for others. A comparison showing the advantages and disadvantages of the three different types of adsorbents is provided in Table 1.1. Activated Carbon: Activated carbon was the first adsorbent used and remains the most commonly used adsorbent today. It is produced by high-temperature steam pyrolysis from a variety of materials, such as coal, wood and coconut husks. The resulting carbon has excellent adsorption characteristics due its high specific surface area (typically 800 to 1,400 square meters per gram) and the presence of small pores of various sizes (typically between 2 and 500 angstroms). The 1-5PDF Image | Carbon Adsorbers
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