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from waste streams with high relative humidity. As shown in the graph in Figure 1.3, the adsorption capacity of a hydrophobic zeolite is impacted only at very high relative humidity, while the adsorption capacity of activated carbon is significantly impacted at levels below 50%. [18] Zeolites can be used to remove highly polar and volatile VOCs that are difficult to remove with activated carbon, including vinyl chloride, styrene, phenol, methane, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, formaldehyde and sulfur compounds. Similar to activated carbon, reaction of the contaminants on the adsorbent can complicate removal during desorption. Zeolites are also not suitable for larger molecules as they are not adsorbed effectively. [18] Zeolites can also be impregnated with other compounds to achieve targeted removal of certain compounds. For example, zeolites impregnated with potassium permanganate have been used to remove vinyl chloride from waste streams. Zeolite is typically used to treat high-flow, low-concentration waste streams with VOC concentrations less than 150 ppmv and flow rates above 3,000 cfm. They have been used to control waste streams containing petroleum compounds and paint solvents. [18] Zeolites are regenerated by heating or vacuum. Since zeolites are able to withstand much higher temperatures than activated carbon, higher temperatures can be used thereby achieving higher levels of desorption. However, zeolites are more expensive than carbon with one report indicating zeolite costs can be twenty times that of activated carbon. [18] Figure 1.3: Effects of Humidity on Adsorption Capacity of Activated Carbon and Zeolite [18] Polymers: Polymer adsorbents are granules or beads made of synthetic polymers that are highly crosslinked to form a matrix of small pores and high surface areas. Polymer adsorbents can be used to control a wide range of VOCs, including styrene, toluene, xylenes, aldehydes, ketones, alcohols and chlorinated VOCs. However, polymers cannot be used with strong oxidizing agents. [18, 22, 23, 24] The adsorption capacity for polymers is lower than that of zeolites but higher than for activated carbon. Unlike activated carbon adsorbers, they are less prone to fires and are capable 1-7PDF Image | Carbon Adsorbers
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