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Industrial PSA/VSA systems are quite intricate involving multiple adsorber columns which execute a non-intuitive complex sequence of nonisothermal, nonisobaric, and non-steady-state operating steps. Synthesizing such configurations for given commercial specifications has so far relied on thumb rules, past experiences in adsorption design, or immense experimental effort with bench- or pilot-scale processes. A systematic methodology to design, evaluate and optimize novel PSA cycle configurations hasn’t been reported in the literature to date due to the inherent complexity of the process. Cycle design with accurate, reliable, and rigorous PSA bed models is considered prohibitive because of the expense and computational time involved. Very few studies in the literature have tried to address this issue. All of these studies suggest simplistic formulations to determine minimum number of beds required in a PSA process for given kinds and fixed sequences of operating steps, but do not discuss how these steps should be chosen to form a cycle. Zhang and Webley [211] outlined an approach for cycle development by understanding the roles of individual operating steps and adsorption fronts. However, they identified optimal configurations with the help of a pre-decided set of operating steps and a simplified mathematical model. Chiang [46] proposed simple arithmetic- based heuristics, while Smith et al. [177] extended Chiang’s work to propose a mixed-integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) based approach to obtain optimal number of beds required to execute a fixed sequence of operating steps. Smith et al. [178, 179] also suggested a 3-step scenario to design an industrial PSA system, but again with a known cycle of operating steps. Recently, Nikoli`c et al. [136, 137] proposed a state-task network (STN) based framework to determine optimal number of beds, with operating steps forming the states of the network. The kinds and sequences of operating steps chosen were fixed in their case as well. Moreover, STN developed wasn’t exhaustive and missed many basic steps such as product repressurization, co-current depressurization, and desorption with purge stream coming from another bed. In contrast, we present a novel superstructure-based approach to obtain optimal sequence of operating steps in a PSA cycle without any assumption on the kinds of steps that should 3.1 Motivation 3.1 Motivation Chapter 3. PSA Superstructure 36PDF Image | Design and Operation of Pressure Swing Adsorption Processes
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