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superstructure is consistent with the concept of unibed models [114], where no more than two beds interact at the same time, and the steps can be grouped into adsorbing steps and desorbing steps. Consequently, it can accomplish a wide variety of operating steps with just a single bed connection, as shown in Figure 3.1. Furthermore, this helps to avoid discrete variables and uses only continuous variables for the optimization problem. The superstructure is designed to get the light product from the upper end (light end) of CoB and heavy product from the lower end (heavy end) of CnB. The time dependent variables β(t) and α(t) determine the fraction of the light product and the heavy product streams that go in the top and the bottom reflux, respectively. If the feed gas (or inlet gas) comes at a low pressure which is close to atmospheric, it is first compressed from its pressure Pinlet to Pfeed through the optional inlet compressor, before being compressed from Pfeed to Pa using the feed compressor. The time dependent feed fraction φ(t) determines the feeding strategy. For CoB, pressure is specified at the light end by Pads, while the pressure at the other end Pa is determined from the pressure drop in this bed. The velocity va, concentration for ith component Ca,i, and temperature Ta at the light end are determined from the outlet flux. Similarly for CnB, pressure is specified at the heavy end by Pdes, while Cd,i, Td and vd are obtained from the output flux, and Pd is obtained from the pressure drop. The superstructure also incorporates compressors and valves to account for different pressure levels in the beds, and a vacuum generator to extract the strongly-adsorbed component. 3.2.2 Cycle Realization It is possible to accomplish a wide variety of different operating steps of a PSA process by varying control variables α(t), β(t), φ(t), Pads(t) and Pdes(t). For instance, as shown in Figure 3.2, if we set α = 0.5, β = 0 and φ = 0 then the feed and the top reflux are turned off, and a part of the heavy-product is recycled back to the co-current bed as a bottom reflux. Thus, this results in a counter-current depressurization (CnD) step for the counter-current bed and a heavy reflux (HR) step for the co-current bed. Similarly, if we set α = 0, β = 0.5 and φ = 0 3.2 Methodology Chapter 3. PSA Superstructure 38PDF Image | Design and Operation of Pressure Swing Adsorption Processes
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