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Na et al. [132, 133] and Choi et al. [50] studied 3-bed 8-step and 3-bed 7-step VSA configurations experimentally as well as numerically. Light reflux step was not used for any of these configurations, while heavy reflux was used in all of them. The 2-bed cycles of Chou and Chen [51] did not use any kind of reflux steps while the 3-bed cycles used both light and heavy reflux steps. The 2-bed cycles were unconventional as flow reversal was implemented in between the pressurization and depressurization steps. Similarly, the 3-bed 6-step cycle incorporated an unusual co-current light product pressurization step. They couldn’t go beyond 63% CO2 purity, which was achieved using the 3-bed 6-step cycle. Ko et al. [111] optimized a 2-bed 4-step PSA process to minimize power consumption, and a 1-bed 4-step fractionated VPSA process to increase CO2 purity to 90% and recovery to 94%. Grande et al. [86] studied a classical Skarstrom cycle with light product pressurization and a 3-bed 5-step process which included a pure CO2 rinse step after the adsorption step. Their scale-up study showed that a purity of 83% and a recovery of 66% is possible with the 3-bed 5-step process at a much higher feed throughput of 48.57 kgmol/hr. Webley and co-workers [44, 212, 203, 211] have done an extensive research in the field of CO2 separation by adsorption. Chaffee et al. [44] and Zhang et al. [212] studied two different VSA processes. For a low feed throughput of 0.193 kgmol/hr for both the cycles, they achieved a low power consumption of 192 kWh/tonne CO2 for the 3-bed 6-step and 240 kWh/tonne CO2 for the 3-bed 9-step cycle. Xiao et al. [203] studied a similar 3-bed 9-step cycle and were able to increase CO2 recovery to 75%. In another study, Zhang and Webley [211] compared numerous VSA cycle configurations, and showed that CO2 purity can be increased by particularly incorporating heavy reflux and equalization steps. While this review offers some trends and guidelines, a fully systematic methodology is still required to design PSA cycle configurations. In the subsequent sections, we demonstrate application of the superstructure approach to obtain optimal PSA cycles for post-combustion carbon capture. 4.2 Literature Review Chapter 4. Superstructure Case Study: Post-combustion CO2 Capture 52PDF Image | Design and Operation of Pressure Swing Adsorption Processes
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