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5.1 Introduction and Previous Work Global energy-related carbon dioxide emissions are increasing by 1.7% every year and have been estimated to reach 41 gigatonnes by 2030 [93]. Power generation accounts for about one-third of CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use. Carbon dioxide capture and storage is a critical technology to significantly reduce CO2 emissions, and is most applicable to large, centralized emission sources such as power plants. The purpose of CO2 capture is to produce a concentrated stream that can be readily transported to a CO2 storage site. One of the potential capture systems that has gained recent popularity is the pre-combustion capture system. Pre- combustion capture involves partial oxidation (gasification) of coal to produce syngas (or fuel gas) composed mainly of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The carbon monoxide is reacted in a shift converter to increase carbon dioxide and hydrogen yield. CO2 is then concentrated from this H2/CO2 mixture, resulting in a hydrogen-rich fuel and a CO2-rich stream available for storage. Compared to post-combustion capture, a pre-combustion system is preferable for CO2 capture because the fuel gas from the shift converter has a higher CO2 concentration in the range 30-60%, and is also typically at a higher pressure, thus offering cost-effective means for CO2 capture [163]. PSA offers significant advantages for pre-combustion CO2 capture in terms of performance, energy requirements and operating costs. Voss [191] provides an overview of how the PSA units can be integrated in complex flowsheets of power plants and steam reformers for pre-combustion CO2 capture. Industrial PSA technology to remove CO2 and other trace components from steam reformer off-gas and fuel gas primarily focuses on producing hydrogen at a high purity, and considers CO2 as a waste stream [23, 79, 80]. The most frequently used PSA processes in this area, the Polybed process and the Lofin process [81, 130, 171, 205], produce H2 with more than 99.9999% purity, but consider CO2 as a by-product and reject it in the tail gas (i.e., the desorbed gas containing H2O, N2, CO2, CO, and H2) at a much lower purity. The hydrogen recovery in these processes ranges between 60-80%, with the tail gas generally being used as a fuel for the reformer. Over the past few decades, researchers have focused on development, 5.1 Introduction and Previous Work Chapter 5. Superstructure Case Study: Pre-combustion CO2 Capture 73PDF Image | Design and Operation of Pressure Swing Adsorption Processes
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