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5.3 Case Studies and Computational Results 1 1000 0.5 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 900 800 1 700 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1 0.5 0 and β(t) close to 0.72, CoB undergoes an adsorption with a heavy reflux step (step 1) at the feed pressure, while CnB undergoes a light reflux step (step 6) at around 380 kPa. After this, α(t) stays at 1 while β(t) and φ(t) drop to zero. Also, Pads(t) rises slightly while Pdes(t) drops considerably. Therefore, we observe a high-pressure heavy reflux step for CoB (step 2) and a counter-current depressurization step for CnB (step 7). Then we observe the longest step of the cycle in which α(t) drops down to zero, β(t) rises slightly from zero towards the end of the step, and the profile of φ(t) indicates near constant feed to CoB. From the pressure profiles it can be inferred that the pressure rises steadily in CoB during this step, while CnB first operates at atmospheric pressure and then at a vacuum of 50 kPa. Thus, we have a feed pressurization with adsorption step for CoB (step 3) and a desorption step for CnB (step 8). Both hydrogen and carbon dioxide are collected at high purity during this step. A small value of β(t) towards the end of the step suggests a small amount of light reflux from CoB to CnB to increase CO2 recovery. This small light reflux is shown as a dotted connection between CoB and CnB in Figure 5.6. Next, a short step is observed in which the values of α(t) and β(t) both go to 1 and feed rises to a value close to 1. Pads(t) hits the upper bound of 1000 kPa while Pdes stays in the vacuum range. This suggests a feed pressurization with heavy reflux step for CoB (step 4) and a light reflux step for CnB (step 9). In the final step, both α(t) and β(t) stay at 1 while feed goes to zero. In addition CoB pressure drops CnB pressure rises so 00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91 Normalized cycle time 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 Normalized cycle time Figure 5.5: Optimal control profiles for case II Chapter 5. Superstructure Case Study: Pre-combustion CO2 Capture 87 Feed(φ) Topreflux(β) Bottomreflux(α) P des P (kPa) (kPa) adsPDF Image | Design and Operation of Pressure Swing Adsorption Processes
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