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with a significantly low power consumption of 46.82 kWh/tonne CO2 captured. With these results it can be inferred that PSA/VSA is a promising technology for pre-combustion capture systems. It can produce highly concentrated CO2 streams with minimal energy requirements. Both case studies were solved to optimality within 1 CPU hour in AMPL using IPOPT with a reasonable accuracy. Thus, the proposed superstructure approach, with a complete dis- cretization framework and efficient NLP solvers like IPOPT, is a computationally inexpensive way to obtain optimal cycles. However, as briefly mentioned in section 4.6, to improve upon the accuracy of the approach a sensitivity-based sequential approach, similar to [100], will also be developed to solve the optimal control problem for the superstructure without a separate verification step. Instead, the PDAEs for the PSA system will be decoupled from the opti- mization problem, and the partially discretized PDAEs, together with the sensitivities of the state variables with respect to decision variables, will be integrated outside the optimization problem using a sophisticated dynamic simulator which is able to capture the state variable profiles with high accuracy. The optimization problem will then be solved for the decisions using these sensitivities. Finally, as mentioned in section 4.6, our superstructure based methodology, is quite generic and can be extended to many other PSA applications; no assumptions are made on the ad- sorbent or feedstock, the operating steps that can be predicted, or details of the bed models. This makes the approach fairly general. Moreover, the superstructure can also be used to evaluate different kinds of adsorbents for the same feedstock and process conditions. While the current superstructure involves only two beds, in future we plan to extend the formulation to incorporate more beds with multiple layers of adsorbents, more complex flow patterns and more challenging multi-component mixtures. 5.5 Conclusions and Future Work Chapter 5. Superstructure Case Study: Pre-combustion CO2 Capture 95PDF Image | Design and Operation of Pressure Swing Adsorption Processes
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