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1.2 Commercial Applications of PSA The first commercial pressure swing adsorption cycles were invented in 1957- 1958 by Guerin de Montgareuil and Domine, and Skarstrom. Skarstrom's apparatus was called the heatless air dryer and used to remove water vapour from air (Skarstrom, 1959,1960). Since the invention of PSA, the process has been applied in many different industries. Most pressure swing adsorption systems are used in the purification of hydrogen made by the steam reformation of fossil fuels, such as natural gas. PSA can also be used to purify hydrogen made by partial oxidation reactors, or to extract hydrogen from a dilute gas-plant waste stream that would otherwise be burned for steam generation. Oxygen concentration can also be used for partial oxidation reactions, to supply a concentrated stream of oxidant to the burner. This reduces the amount of nitrogen that must be removed in order to purify the hydrogen that is generated. Oxygen concentration is also beneficial in other oxidation reactions where the rate is a function of the partial pressure of oxygen. This is true for blast furnaces and internal combustion engines, as well as fuel cells. Medical oxygen, including home oxygen concentrators, are used by people who require a constant or intermittent source of concentrated oxygen. Onboard Oxygen Generating Systems (OBOGs) are used in military and civilian aircraft to provide breathing oxygen, instead of carrying gas bottles. However, there are some markets that are not open to gas separation by PSA systems because PSA system's are still relatively large, and energy inefficient; the portable market requires systems that are small and very efficient. 3PDF Image | Energy Efficiency of Gas Separation Pressure Swing Adsorption
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