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for the Four-Step cycle and the Ideal Four-Step cycles. The pressure ratio for the Ideal Three-Step cycle is infinite, so this cycle can be seen as the limiting case of the Ideal Four-Step cycle, in which the pressure ratio approaches infinity. The conclusions with respect to changing the lower pressure and pressure ratio are: 1. Increasing the pressure ratio for the Four-Step and Ideal Four-Step cycles decreases the amount of energy required by the system per mole of product. 2. At the low pressure ratio limit for the Four Step cycle (below which no product is generated), an infinite amount of work is required per mole of product, as work is done, but no product is generated. A t this pressure ratio the second law efficiency is zero, as no useful work is done. 3. For the Four-Step cycle utilizing pressurization with product, decreasing the lower pressure decreases the amount of net work necessary per mole of product. This is also true when the lower pressure is below atmospheric and work is needed to extract the blowdown gas and the purged gas from the bed. 4. When the expansion energy is recovered, as in the Ideal Four-Step cycle, the net work required and the second law efficiency are a function of the pressure ratio, but not a function of the lower pressure. 5. Energy analyses of experimental results show that the second law efficiency can vary from 14.49% to 43.89% for achievable pressure ratios. This is a wide margin and indicates that energy savings are possible, without having to go to extreme measures. 143PDF Image | Energy Efficiency of Gas Separation Pressure Swing Adsorption
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