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pressure during adsorption to a low pressure during desorption, hence the name “Pressure Swing”. While most separation processes operate under steady state, a PSA process is dynamic as conditions within the column are constantly changing at every location. The process operates as cycles in which a column repeatedly experiences a series of pressurization, adsorption, and regeneration steps. PSA processes ideally operate under cyclic steady state (CSS), which occurs when column conditions at the end of each step do not change from cycle to cycle. At CSS, the cycle performance remains the same over time. PSA performance is typically evaluated based on product purity, recovery, and productivity. Adsorbent selectivity primarily determines the possible product purity. Selectivity, s, of a zeolite (or any adsorbent) is the degree to which a zeolite can adsorb one type of molecule over another. It is numerically described as: where xi and yi represent the mole fractions of component i in the adsorbed and fluid phases respectively. Selectivity depends on the temperature, pressure, type of zeolite used and the molecules undergoing separation. Product recovery measures the amount of desired component in the high pressure product stream compared to that in the feed stream. Purity and recovery indirectly measure separation efficiency and determine if a process design is capable of producing the desired results.11 There is a trade-off between recovery and purity; i.e. high purity 20PDF Image | LIMITS OF SMALL SCALE PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
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