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usually results in lower recovery. Maximum potential recovery is established by the affinity of the solid for the heavy component over the light component through equilibrium. Recovery determines the energy efficiency of the process since it determines how much high pressure feed is utilized per product rate. Productivity is a measure of adsorbent utilization and is related to the speed and size of a process. The mass transfer rate in the column primarily determines the size, cycle time, and amount of adsorbent, all of which impact the process productivity. All of these performance parameters are mutually dependent on each other and changing one will impact the others. 2.3.2 History and Growth of PSA Pressure swing adsorption is a technology that has developed primarily within the last 50 years. It has become a valuable part of processes such as air drying, hydrogen purification, n-paraffin removal, xylene isomer separations, and air separation.9 Several important factors make PSA more feasible compared to other separation techniques. First, an extra thermodynamic degree of freedom to define the adsorption process provides greater design flexibility compared to processes like distillation, extraction, and absorption. Second, the large number of adsorbents including zeolites, activated carbons, silica gels etc., with different properties allow for various separations. Finally, optimizing a process for a specific adsorbent or end product allows for creativity, engineering, and continuous growth in PSA technology.12 For example, there are numerous ways to design and operate an air separation process to achieve essentially equivalent results. Improvement of PSA processes occur through either developing new 21PDF Image | LIMITS OF SMALL SCALE PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
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