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adsorbents (material science) or developing more efficient steps in the cycle (engineering).11 PSA processes were originally researched for air separation in the 1950’s and 1960’s.9 Production of ultrapure oxygen through cryogenic distillation is economically feasible only in large scale applications because of the extremely low temperature (96 K) required. However, for smaller scale operations or when a high purity is not required, PSA processes are more economical than cryogenic distillation. The low adsorption selectivity of early solids rendered air separation before the 1950’s challenging. However, with the development of synthetic zeolites (i.e. 5A, 13X), air separation was thrust into the forefront of adsorption research.9 This lead to the development of two different types of PSA cycles in the late 1950’s that served as the basis for later designs of PSA systems. The first patent was for the Skarstrom cycle assigned to Esso Research and Engineering Company.13 The other was for the Guerin-Domine cycle assigned to L’Air Liquide.14 The regeneration method is the main difference between the cycles.8 Figure 2.7 illustrates an example of a traditional two column Skarstrom cycle, which is the base cycle used in this study. A cycle consists of both columns experiencing the following steps: 1) pressurization, 2) production, 3) countercurrent (opposite of feed flow) blowdown, 4) countercurrent purge. The pressurization and production steps are 22PDF Image | LIMITS OF SMALL SCALE PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
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