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3.1.1 Electrostatic Forces An electrostatic force is a broad term encompassing several types of intermolecular forces. Coulomb’s law illustrates the simplest type where two ions approximated as point charges have a force, f, between them, defined as: where w is the magnitude of the point charges, h is the distance between the point charges, and ε0 is the dielectric permittivity. Integration of equation 3.1 gives the potential energy, E, between the two ions as: where gi and gj are ionic valences of the two point charges and e is the electron charge. Potential energy between the ions is inversely related to the distance between the ions. When the ions are not approximated as point charges, their charge is shielded by ionic electron clouds, which causes potential energy to vary inversely with distance (between the ions) to a power greater than one.18 Electrostatic forces are not solely between ions, interactions between molecules with dipole and quadrupole moments are also included in these forces. Polar molecules exhibit dipole moments because their asymmetrical shape creates an unbalanced distribution of electrons around the molecule, resulting in a separation of effective charge between any two locations in the molecule. Non-polar molecules have a symmetrical geometry, which does not produce an effective charge distribution resulting in a dipole 31PDF Image | LIMITS OF SMALL SCALE PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
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