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and polarizability of the involved molecules determine the level of interaction.18 Dispersion forces, together with dipole-dipole (and higher order charge distributions), and induction forces are collectively called van der Waals forces. 3.1.3 N2 and O2 Interaction with Zeolites A simple way to view the interaction of oxygen and nitrogen molecules with zeolites is to treat the exchangeable cations of zeolites as point charges.19 With this model, the important intermolecular forces are due to interaction of the oxygen or nitrogen quadrupole moment with the point charge and the always present dispersion energy. When the point charge and one of the molecules are arranged linearly (most energetically stable orientation), interaction due to the quadrupole moment depends on 1/h3, while the interaction energy due to the induced dipole depends on 1/h4. Hence, quadrupole interaction energy is effective further away from the point charge compared to the induced dipole interaction energy. Table 3.1 shows a significant difference between the quadrupole moment of a nitrogen and oxygen molecule, while their polarizability is nearly identical. A similar polarizability indicates nitrogen and oxygen have similar induction and dispersion forces with the point charge. Therefore, a zeolite attracts nitrogen over oxygen largely because of the quadrupole moment disparity between them. Beyond this simple demonstration, additional factors also affect zeolite selectivity including the relative position of the cations in the zeolite, orientation of the nitrogen and oxygen molecules relative to the exchangeable cation, and the zeolite structure.19 Figure 3.1 illustrates the difference in potential energy between the two molecules as they approach the point charge (y-axis). 33PDF Image | LIMITS OF SMALL SCALE PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
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