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is a stretched mass transfer zone (MTZ), which causes premature breakthrough and a reduction in product recovery. However, provided the productivity increase is greater compared to the loss in column working capacity, process size reduction is possible with higher cycling frequency.11 This is ideal for certain applications like a POC. Small scale processes typically increase solid productivity with faster cycling. The tradeoff is a lower recovery, which leads to higher overall power consumption for a desired product flow rate.53 Furthermore, it reduces the solid working capacity, which limits the achievable process productivity.44 4.2.1 Evolution of Small Scale PSA Small scale PSA originally was called rapid PSA (RPSA) and involved a single column process using very small particles and high gas velocities to create a large pressure gradient across the column.54, 55 This permitted a simple 2-step process with column self-purging and a continuous product flow rate at one end of the column, while swinging pressure on the other end. A small separation unit was possible by operating with a high cyclic frequency to reduce the amount of solid adsorbent. Parameters such as an optimal particle size and benefits of an additional delay step have been studied for the application of air separation.29 POCs have recently renewed interest in small scale, fast cycling PSA, also often labeled RPSA. However, these systems operate with 4-step Skarstrom cycles, more similar to larger scale processes than the original RPSA definition given above. To facilitate a portable process unit, column length is much shorter (~10-20 cm) compared to the traditional RPSA concept (>100 cm). Even with short cycle times, pressure drop across columns of this length is not high enough to permit RPSA operation as it was 59PDF Image | LIMITS OF SMALL SCALE PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
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