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originally designed. These systems operate with distinct steps of constant pressure or pressure change in the column. 4.2.2 Limitations of Small Scale PSA Experimental small scale PSA studies for POC applications often focus on how purge to feed ratio, product purity, and adsorbent type affect process performance.36, 56, 57 Other studies have numerically investigated the effect of rapid cycling on a specific PSA step.45, 46 Limitations of small scale systems have received less attention. One method of studying the limits of small scale PSA entails increasing cyclic frequency while keeping other process parameters (i.e. pressure ratio, product purity) constant. A cyclic frequency limit is represented by a minimum bed size factor (BSF) at a specific cycle time. Since BSF is inversely related to productivity, a minimum represents an adsorbent utilization limit and defines a lower limit on operating speed; hence the minimum size of an oxygen concentrator. Several recent experimental studies35, 38 have observed an adsorption utilization limit for their small scale processes. While the exact cause of a minimum remains unclear, it has been suggested the combined effects of pressure drop, mass/heat transfer resistances, and non-isothermal operation eventually cause it to occur at a specific cycling rate.58 A recent numerical study demonstrated how the cumulative effect of mass, heat, and momentum resistances affected process performance using a 5A zeolite to separate nitrogen and helium.47 The study demonstrates non-isothermal operation and mass transfer resistances are the most significant contributions to a minimum BSF, while pressure drop and finite heat transfer resistance represent much smaller contributions. 60PDF Image | LIMITS OF SMALL SCALE PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
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