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However, the authors mention these conclusions will not necessarily apply to other systems since they depend on adsorption properties and process design. Another numerical study reached an alternative conclusion suggesting system dynamics (i.e. fastest achievable cycle) limited adsorption utilization in their process.34 The limited experimental data studying limitations of small scale processes largely involve single column concepts.30, 35, 38, 59 While some advantage is gained from a single column setup with respect to equipment size, multiple column systems are much more power efficient. An additional column(s) permits a pressure equalization step, which significantly increases product recovery; hence reducing the power requirement and battery size for a given production rate. This study seeks to determine if a minimum BSF also exists for a dual bed small scale PSA process. 4.3 Possible Causes of a Minimum BSF Increasing process speed reduces the solid inventory necessary for a desired product flow rate. While this decreases the BSF, the tradeoff is a loss in column working capacity. With increasing cyclic frequency, working capacity loss eventually overcomes the productivity gain of rapid cycling, causing the BSF to go through a minimum. While this minimum is generally attributed to non-idealities mentioned in the previous section (i.e. pressure drop, non-isothermal operation, mass transfer resistances), an advantage in process design will be gained if a specific cause is identified. 4.3.1 Pressure Drop A common concern when using small particles is column pressure drop will reduce process performance. However, the extent of this performance decline is difficult 61PDF Image | LIMITS OF SMALL SCALE PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
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