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drop has a limited effect on process performance, experimental confirmation of this notion is lacking. 4.3.2 Heat Transfer Limitations Heat transfer is significant in PSA processes since adsorption is exothermic and desorption is endothermic. Various heat transfer resistances in the column increase or decrease the adsorbent temperature relative to isothermal conditions. Heat transfer from the gas phase to the column wall and from the column wall to the ambient environment may be important for small columns, but their effect is reduced greatly as column diameter increases. Hence, large scale columns typically operate adiabatically while small scale columns may approach isothermal operation. However, unless working with dilute concentrations and a low heat of adsorption, even small scale processes do not approach isothermal operation.24 Heat transfer between the particle and flowing gas is quite fast according to typical Nusselt number correlations and is generally considered instantaneous. 4.3.3. Mass Transfer Limitations Mass transfer limitations that would affect a minimum BSF have already been discussed in previous sections. The primary potential contributors are axial dispersion effects and mass transfer resistance in the macropores of the adsorbent. Other potential limitations include film and micropore diffusional resistance and the formation of a skin on the adsorbent particle. 63PDF Image | LIMITS OF SMALL SCALE PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
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