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in order to simplify the diagram (they are only used if a rinse step is included in the PSA cycle). Pressure on the feed side of the process is measured primarily at P6, which provided the pressure during the blowdown and purge steps. P1 and P2 are not advised to be used for an extended period of time because of the dead volume induced on the columns as was discussed earlier. The product side of the system (Figure 5.7) is more complex. During normal operation, product flowed through a combination of PV1 and PV9 if the product tank was bypassed during process operation. PV3 and PV11 allow for purge flow into the columns. As previously mentioned, the needle valve located before FC2 controlled the flow to PV3 and PV11, while FC2 was only used to measure the flow rate to the columns. PV4 and PV12 were only used for processes with a pressure equalization step. BPC3 is located on this line connecting these valves, but remained closed during the entirety of the experiments. Pressure on the product side was measured in two places, immediately before column 2 with PTransd, or at P3. The middle manifold section of the system is represented in Figure 5.5 and is where gas was analyzed prior to exiting the system. The manifold inlets correspond with the exit locations located in Figure 5.6 and 5.7. Gas entered the manifold either through exit A (product flow) from the product side or exit D (waste flow) from the feed side. Gas can enter through exit B and C, but for this study, only exit A and exit D were used. The manifold consists of four hand valves that direct the flow out of the system either through FC4 and the oxygen analyzer, or directly to the vent. The function of this manifold was for the calculation of a material balance for the process. It provided measurement of the flow rate and oxygen concentration out of the system before the 86PDF Image | LIMITS OF SMALL SCALE PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
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