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Experimental results were next used in equation 4.5 to evaluate its usefulness in understanding the existence of a minimum BSF. To use equation 4.5, the empirical constant, k’, was found using the following assumptions: 1) Gas velocity was estimated from the conditions of the high pressure production step for each experiment 2) WCideal was estimated from isotherm data at 20 °C, 195 kPa, and a nitrogen/oxygen composition of 79/2152 3) Pressure drop was estimated using the Ergun equation76 using the velocity of the high pressure productions step 4) K was determined through the expression K=WCideal/(PH-PL) where PH and PL are the high and low pressure during the PSA process respectively 5) LMTZ was estimated using the van Deemter model (equation 5.2); hence, for practical PSA operation, the MTZ length is a linear function of gas velocity with the slope determined by mass transfer resistance in the particle. For columns with large particles, the eddy diffusion contribution (“A” term) is often relatively insignificant compared to the particle resistance contribution (“C” term) and is sometimes ignored. However, this term is significant for the particle size used in small scale PSA as demonstrated in section 6.1. The particle resistance contribution is primarily controlled by macropore diffusion since it represents the greatest mass transfer limitation for large X-type zeolite particles.2, 24 While more complex models exist to estimate MTZ spreading,51, 73, 74 they all have the same basic form and the van Deemter model was demonstrated earlier to provide a suitable estimation. HETP was converted to MTZ by assuming HETP ≈ HTU75 and LMTZ = NTU*HTU. The parameters in Table 6.1 were used in the van Deemter model to determine HTU using the average velocity across the MTZ; NTU was estimated ~ 4.5 from the results of the breakthrough experiments. 129PDF Image | LIMITS OF SMALL SCALE PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION
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