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III List of Figures V III ListofFigures Fig. 1-1 Fig. 1-2 Fig. 1-3 Fig. 1-4 Fig. 1.1-1 Fig. 1.1-2 Fig. 1.1-3 Fig. 1.1-4 Fig. 1.1-5 Fig. 1.2-1 Fig. 1.2-2 Fig. 2-1 Fig. 2.1-1 Fig. 2.1.1-1 Fig. 2.1.2-1 Fig. 2.1.2-2 Fig. 2.2-1 Fig. 2.2.1-1 Fig. 2.2.2-1 Fig. 2.2.3-1 Fig. 3-1 Fig. 3.2-1 Fig. 3.2-2 Fig. 3.2-3 Fig. 3.2-4 Fig. 3.3-1 Fig. 3.3-2 Fig. 3.3-3 Fig. 3.3-4 Composition of air by vol.-%, excluding water vapour ................................... 1 Overview of U.S. industrial gases market size in million USD ....................... 2 Selection diagram for the N2-production technique ......................................... 2 Decision tree for the selection of N2-production technique ............................. 3 Twin-bed PSA operation principle................................................................... 4 Adsorption isotherms of oxygen and nitrogen on CMS adsorbent .................. 5 Fractional uptake rates of oxygen and nitrogen on CMS adsorbent ................ 5 Process block diagram of PSA technology ...................................................... 6 Industrial-scale twin-bed N2-PSA skid ............................................................ 6 Comparison between the predicted and experimental product rate for two cycle times........................................................................................................ 8 Comparison between the predicted and experimental feed rate for two cycle times ................................................................................................................. 9 Graphical representation of the system involving the adsorption/desorption process ............................................................................................................ 11 Two-dimensional representation of adsorption equilibrium .......................... 12 Plots of the Sips equation as the function of bk(T)pk ...................................... 13 Obtaining adsorption isostere from the adsorption isotherm ......................... 14 Adsorption enthalpy as the function of loading ............................................. 14 Homogeneous and heterogeneous models of mass transfer kinetics ............. 16 Concentration gradients within the adsorbent particle according to LDF model .............................................................................................................. 17 Comparative column breakthrough curves by LDF and QDF models........... 18 Graphical representation of secant and tangent of the adsorption isotherm .. 20 PFD implemented in Aspen AdsorptionTM process simulator ....................... 21 Experimental and simulated pressure profiles at the top of adsorber columns with minimised controlled flow resistances in the PSA piping system ......... 25 Experimental and simulated pressure drop resulting from uncontrolled flow resistances in the PSA piping system at different feed stream pressure ........ 25 Experimental and simulated pressure profiles at the top of adsorber columns with adjusted controlled flow resistances in the PSA piping system ............. 26 Experimental pressure drop along the CMS packed bed represented by the Ergun model ................................................................................................... 26 Experimental adsorption isotherms of oxygen and nitrogen on the CMS represented by the Sips model........................................................................ 28 Comparison of adsorption isotherms of oxygen and nitrogen on the CMS represented by the Sips model........................................................................ 28 Experimental adsorption isotherms of synthetic air mixture on the CMS represented by the IAST model; and the absolute value of relative error of the equilibrium loading with the IAST model ..................................................... 29 Graphical representation of the local equilibrium concept ............................ 29PDF Image | Modelling and Simulation of Twin-Bed Pressure Swing Adsorption Plants
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