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1 Introduction 7 Tab. 1.1-1 Input and output streams associated with the process block diagram of N2-PSA technology Unit operation Input stream Output stream Air compression and purification Air from ambient Dry compressed air without solid particles and organic vapours Pressure swing adsorption Dry compressed air without solid particles and organic vapours Purified nitrogen at specific purity level Oxygen-enriched tail gas 1.2 State of knowledge Pressure swing adsorption is a well-established technique applied for the separation of multicomponent gas mixtures. Currently, this method is implemented in CO2-capture technologies frequently [24–26], but also in traditional industrial processes, such as hydrogen purification, biogas upgrading, noble gas recovery, or, as considered here, air separation [27– 29]. Hence, different process intensification methods dedicated to PSA techniques are developed within many application fields. However, in order to study the N2-PSA system, it is essential that the literature review covers two general topics regarding (1) experimental and numerical investigation of PSA systems, and (2) thermodynamic equilibrium and diffusional mass transfer within microporous adsorbents. By means of this strategy only, it is possible to understand the process at both macroscopic and microscopic levels, which are ultimately interdependent. The industrial implementation of PSA separation techniques began in the 1980s. The commonly-known patent assigned by Skarstrom in 1958, which introduces the moisture removal from atmospheric air by adsorption process [30], is frequently considered to be the original invention of PSA; however, earlier patents were issued already in the 1930s, e.g. by Finlayson and Sharp [31]. This extraordinarily long time between the invention of the technology and its commercialisation can be explained by the fact that the PSA process operates under transient conditions; unlike the conventional separation techniques, e.g. distillation, extraction, or absorption, which operate under steady-state conditions [32]. Since the transient processes are mathematically described by a set of partial differential equations, the relationship between plant performance and operational variables is less obvious when compared with traditional technologies, which are represented by a set of ordinary differential equations [32]. However, together with the benefit of computer science advancement, the understanding of PSA processes constantly improves; therefore, many publications are currently available. Ruthven, Farooq, and Knaebel have provided a comprehensive summary of the underlying science and technology of pressure swing adsorption processes [32], presenting the fundamentals of mathematical modelling. Crittenden and Thomas have described in detail adsorber design procedures considering thermodynamic equilibrium relationships, kinetic relationships, heat effects, and flow dynamic constraints [16]. Furthermore, the principles of mass transfer associated with adsorption/desorption processes are given by Ruthven [33], Do [34], and Yang [35] which can be applied while studying PSA systems. More specifically, Kärger and Ruthven explain the diffusion phenomenon in microporous solids [36]. All publications mentioned here contain basic information corresponding to air separation processes.PDF Image | Modelling and Simulation of Twin-Bed Pressure Swing Adsorption Plants
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