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4 Experimental program 46 Tab. 4.5-4 Comparison of Monte-Carlo simulated PIs with experimental PI Product purity [ppm O2] Implicit (OMB) Experimental result 1000 100 10 Air demand [m3n/h air / m3n/h N2] ̅̅̅ 𝐗 𝛔 𝛔̅ 𝐗 𝛔 𝛔̅ 𝐗 𝛔 𝛔̅ 𝐗𝐗𝐗 3.18 0.05 1.64% 4.81 0.11 2.38% 7.85 0.34 4.36% 3.18 4.62 7.78 Implicit (GMB) 3.17 0.04 1.13% 4.66 0.09 1.88% 7.83 0.30 3.82% Average 3.18 0.04 1.39% 4.73 0.10 2.13% 7.84 0.32 4.09% Fig. 4.5-4 Simulated distribution of the relative error δsim for the air demand at different product purity levels: (a) 1000 ppm O2, (b) 100 ppm O2, (c) 10 ppm O2 The precision of determined performance indicators depends not only on the accuracy of the measuring equipment, but also on a number of experimental systematic and random errors, which must be recognised as well; although, they prove to be difficult to consider in statistical analysis. From experience, some of the most common errors are: ▪ inaccuracy in the determination of oxygen concentration in the product; the deviation between the measured and the required values progressively expand between calibration routines of the zirconia dioxide sensor; ▪ inaccuracy in the determination of the tail gas flow rate; the drum-type flow meter is filled with water, which evaporates at a higher rate during the summertime – so a regular recalibration is required; moreover, the inevitable build-up of biofilms disrupts the rotation of the drum; and ▪ insufficient homogenisation of the oxygen concentration in the tail gas; due to a non- continuous tail gas flow rate during a cycle and thus a non-uniform gas concentration caused by different oxygen levels during depressurisation, blow-down, and purge steps, a thorough gas mixing is required before sending the gas probe to the analyser. Sensitivity studies show an increase in the standard deviation of the performance indicators, along with a decreasing measurement accuracy of utilised devices in every considered purity range. Therefore, minimising the measurement error by means of using precise equipment and performing a very accurate calibration allows the collection of results with a difference smaller than the assumed δexp at almost every considered purity level.PDF Image | Modelling and Simulation of Twin-Bed Pressure Swing Adsorption Plants
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