Operation and Control of Pressure Swing Adsorption Systems

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Operation and Control of Pressure Swing Adsorption Systems ( operation-and-control-pressure-swing-adsorption-systems )

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Chapter 2. Pressure Swing Adsorption Processes a packed bed by changing the valve settings, while temperature changes requires heating the whole mass of adsorbent and metallic wall requiring hours or even days [23] to complete one cycle, adversely effecting the cycle productivity. 2.5.2 Membrane Based Separation Gas separation employing membrane technology is also very widely used in the process industry. Here, the separation principle is based on the difference in the rate of permeation across the membrane material for different components in the feed mixture. In terms of ease of operability, membrane offers significant advantage over PSA, as its module is much simpler to operate as compared to the periodic operation requirement of PSA separation systems [3]. Furthermore, for the bulk separation applications, which are characterized by low to moderate selectivity requirements [81], membrane is an attractive operation. For gas purification purposes, the requirement of high membrane selectivity translates into low permeation rate across the membrane material, making them suitable only for small scale applications. In order to perform gas purification at large scales [10, 18], re-compression equipment and extra membrane modules are necessary to obtain the desired purity in several stages, making it a highly energy intensive operation. In contrast, the selectivity in PSA is typically much higher than the membranes, and furthermore, since the product leaves the system as retentate, high production levels can be achieved. 2.5.3 Cryogenic Distillation In general, for gas production at very large scale, cryogenic distillation is usually preferred in comparison to the adsorptive or membrane processes [1, 81]. Here, the distillation operation is performed at very low temperatures to maintain the gaseous components in their liquid state. The basic separation principle is to 43

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