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Chapter 4. Explicit/Multi-Parametric MPC Control of PSA Systems work is now reduced to performing function evaluations, as compared to solving a full length optimization problem, to retrieve the control laws [116, 121, 120]. Furthermore, reduced online computational load directly translates to reduced computational hardware requirements, leading to economical benefits. 4.1.3 PSA Control Pressure swing adsorption (PSA) is one of the many unit operations invented before the underlying theories behind it were fully understood. Since its commer- cial inception in late 1950s, PSA technology has evidenced substantial growth in terms of size, versatility and complexity [137, 174]. Modern PSA systems, used widely in the gas separation industry can vary from 2 adsorbent bed separating air, to 16 bed system producing pure hydrogen in excess of 100,000 Nm3/hr [170]. PSA operation is not only highly nonlinear and dynamic but also poses extra challenges due to its periodic nature, directly attributed to the network of bed interconnecting valves whose active status keeps changing over time. The timing of these valves in turn controls the duration of process steps that each PSA bed undergoes in one cycle. In the past, only a few studies have appeared in the open literature on PSA control even though there is an increasing interest to improve their operability [161]. Bitzer [20] presented model-based feedforward-feedback purity control of a 4-step, 2-bed PSA system producing oxygen from air. Since the original model used to capture the PSA systems was not suitable for feedforward controller purposes, a reduced model was derived by approximating the species axial concentration profiles through empirical wave functions. However, the ap- plicability of this key assumption for more complex and realistic PSA system has not been fully demonstrated. Torre et al. [157] proposed a model predictive con- trol (MPC) for purity control of a 6-step, single-bed vacuum swing adsorption configuration, separating oxygen from air. 66PDF Image | Operation and Control of Pressure Swing Adsorption Systems
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