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• Feed and product flow rates/gas residence time • Column flow configura- tion/cycle style A more detailed description of the experimental apparatus and its operation will follow. INDUSTRIAL PRAC- TICE AND LITERA- TURE REVIEW PSA was developed inde- pendently by the Air Liq- uide and Exxon corporations in the 1960s. Since then, it has proven to be a versa- tile and effective process for separation or purification of many gas systems; high final product purities are routinely achieved. The application of PSA to air separation can produce nitrogen products of 99.9+% purity, and oxygen product purities exceeding 95%.[2] Since its introduction to the chemical process indus- try, research and development of PSA processes have led to several significant process improvements and variations, most of which are simply tim- ing or sequence modifications to the earliest pressure swing cycles.[3] The various cycles and their modifications are most easily illustrated in terms of systems with two columns packed with adsorbent. In such a system, these columns may be used independently, or in tandem. Two of the more common industrial cycles for two-column systems are il- lustrated in Figure 1.[4] Figure 1 illustrates two dif- ferent pressure swing cycles with a two-column system. Figure 1(b) does not illustrate a direct interaction between the two columns, although it is worth noting that multiple Vol. 52, No. 1, Winter 2018 Figure 1. Example PSA cycles: (a) backfill cycle, (b) vacuum swing cycle. Figure 1: Example PSA cycles: (a) backfill cycle, (b) vacuum swing cycle. 1 45PDF Image | PRESSURE SWING ADSORPTION IN THE UNIT OPERATIONS
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