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Cycle configuration 8-bed 11-step 8-bed 11-step 8-bed 11-step 9-bed 11-step * carbon recovery Adsorbent K-HTC sorbent α sorbent β K-HTC yCO2 24 % 24 % 24 % 24 % PF/PR (bar) 23.6/2 24.1/1.1 24.1/1.1 24.0/1.1 θCO2 98.0 % 99.0 % 99.0 % 99.0 % RCO2 90.0 % 95.0 %* 95.0 %* 95.0 %* Energy (kJ/kgCO2) Ref. - [44] - [11] - [11] - [45] Luca Riboldi and Olav Bolland / Energy Procedia 114 (2017) 2390 – 2400 2395 Table 4. Performances of various SEWGS arrangements. The nomenclature used refers to CO2 mole fraction in the feed gas stream (yCO2), feed pressure (PF) and regeneration pressure (PR), CO2 purity (θCO2), CO2 recovery (RCO2) and potassium promoted hydrotalcite (K-HTC). As anticipated, a short overview is provided also regarding PSA processes for H2 purification. The PSA cycle has to be able to produce H2 with high purity (i.e. up to 99.99+% vol.), while having the highest possible H2 recovery. Generally, a trade-off can be observed between H2 recovery and complexity of the PSA arrangement. Table 5 reports results from significant studies available in the literature. Table 5. Performances of various PSA arrangements for H2 production from different gas streams. The nomenclature used refers to feed pressure (PF) and regeneration pressure (PR), H2 purity (θH2), H2 recovery (RH2), steam-methane reformer off- gas (SMROG), coal gasification off-gas (CGOG) and activated carbon (AC). Cycle configuration 10-bed 11-step 4-bed 8-step 4-bed 8-step 10-step** 4-bed 8-step 12-bed 13-step Adsorbent AC/zeolite 5A AC/zeolite 5A AC Gas type SMROG SMROG SMROG* PF/PR (bar) 21.0/1.0 7.0/1.0 7.0/1.0 θH2 99.999 % 99.996 % 99.999 % 99.981 % 99.430 % 99.993 % been used RH2 86.0 % 52.1 % 62.7 % 81.6 % 71.2 % 92.7 % Energy (kJ/kgCO2) Ref. - [46] - [47] - [48] - [49] - [50] - [51] AC SMROG 5.0/0.5 AC/zeolite 5A CGISP 8.0/1.0 zeolite 5A CGOG 34.0/1.0 * gas mixture saturated in water vapor ** number of beds not specified as a one-bed experimental set-up has Few studies dealt with a set-up able to return multiple product streams, in particular high-purity H2 and CO2. Table 6 gives an overview of the available results. Table 6. Performances of various PSA arrangements for contemporary CO2 capture and H2 production from different gas streams. The nomenclature used refers to feed pressure (PF) and regeneration pressure (PR), H2 purity (θH2), the overall H2 recovery (RH2), CO2 purity (θCO2), CO2 recovery (RCO2), steam-methane reformer off-gas (SMROG), coal gasification off-gas (CGOG) and activated carbon (AC). No. PSA stages 2 1 2 Cycle configuration 7-bed 12-step 6-bed 11-step 7-bed 13-step 6-bed 6-step 3-bed 7-step Adsorbent AC/zeolite 5A AC Proprietary adsorbent Gas type CGOG CGOG SMROG PF/PR (bar) 38.8/ 1.0-1.8* 38.8/1.0 17.2/- θH2 99.991 % 99.983 % 99.999 % RH2 90.3 % 85.8 % 87.1 % θCO2 83.5 % 79.8 % 99.4 % RCO2 95.2 % 97.7 % 94.0 % Energy (kJ/kgCO2) Ref. 0.9 [52] 0.7 [52] - [53] * the first and second PSA stages have different regeneration pressures 3.3. Integration strategies In pre-combustion cases, the gas separation unit is normally located downstream a water-gas shift (WGS) process, which converts CO and H2O into CO2 and H2 to large extent. WGS is essential to increase the CO2 content in the syngas, which at the entrance of the gas separation units is composed mainly by H2 and CO2, with traces of other gases, such as CH4, CO and N2. This shifted syngas leaving the WGS process is cooled and desulfurized, normallyPDF Image | Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) as CO2 Capture Technology
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