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longer). Effects of dehydration atmosphere. Because the formation of charged silver clusters is a reductive process, the presence of gaseous oxygen during the dehydration process is expected to hinder the autoreduction reaction. In order to evaluate this, samples of the Ag-LSX zeolites were dehydrated in the following ways: (1) allowed to dry in a dark area at room temperature ( 25 C) before vacuum dehydration at 450 C, (2) dried in a standard convection oven at 100 C in air before being vacuum dehydration at 450 C, (3) heated slowly in air in a furnace to 450 C before being heated in a vacuum to 450 C. The isotherms for adsorption of N2 on each of the resulting materials is shown in Figure 4. One can see that any heating in air results in a reduction in the ultimate adsorptive capacity of the Ag-zeolite; and heating to a high temperature (i.e., to 450 C) in air resulted in a considerable reduction in the ultimate adsorptive capacity as compared to that of the material which was dried at room temperature and dehydrated entirely in a vacuum. Samples of the Ag-X zeolite were also dehydrated using methods (1) and (2) as described above and are shown in Figure 5. Contrary to the Ag-LSX results, there was little difference in the adsorptive capacity of these samples (both adsorbed approximately 15.5 molecules of N2 per unit cell at 1 atm). XPS Analysis. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS or ESCA) is a surface analysis tool which is commonly used because of its ability to identify chemical states of atoms based on shifts of core-level binding energies. While most studies of silver systems indicate an anomalous negative shift in binding energy (BE) of the Ag 3d peaks as the oxidation state is increased, other studies show no BE shift with increasing oxidation state.20 Even in cases where there has been a reported binding energy shift, 19PDF Image | PSA USING SUPERIOR ADSORBENTS
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